| 词条 | Pantherinae |
| 释义 |
| taxon = Pantherinae | name = Pantherinae[1] | fossil_range = {{fossil_range|12|0|Late Miocene to Holocene}} | image = Lydekker_-_Pantherinae_collage.jpg | image_caption = Pantherinae subfamily (from left): jaguar, leopard, lion, tiger, snow leopard and clouded leopard | authority = Pocock, 1917 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision =Neofelis Panthera | range_map = Pantherinae range.png | range_map_caption = Pantherinae ranges: green - Panthera, teal - Panthera uncia, orange - Neofelis }}Pantherinae is a subfamily within the family Felidae, which was named and first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1917.[2] CharacteristicsIn pantherine cats, the suspensorium of the hyoid is imperfectly ossified. Its inferior portion consists of an elastic tendon, which confers great mobility upon the larynx.[2] Due to this tendon, pantherine cats can distend the back of the mouth greatly. The structure of the hyoid allows them to roar.[3] The rhinarium is flat and, at most, only barely reaches the dorsal side of the nose. The area between the nostrils is narrow and not extended sidewards as in the Felinae.[4] TaxonomyPocock originally defined this subfamily as comprising the genera Panthera and Uncia[2] Latter has been included within the Panthera.[7] Later authorities included also Neofelis within the Pantherinae.[1] Pantherine species include:[1]
EvolutionThe divergence of Pantherinae from Felinae has been estimated to have occurred between six and ten million years ago.[7] DNA analysis suggests that the snow leopard Uncia uncia is basal to the entire Pantherinae and should be renamed Panthera uncia. There is also evidence of distinct markers for the mitochondrial genome for Felidae.[8][9] Results of a DNA-based study inidicate that Panthera tigris branched off first, followed by P. onca, P. leo, then P. pardus and P. uncia.[10] Felis pamiri, formerly referred to as Metailurus, is now considered a probable relative of extant Pantherinae.[11]See also
References1. ^1 2 {{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = 545–548| id=14000220}} {{Carnivora|Fe.}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q230177}}2. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Pocock |first1=R. I. |year=1917 |title=The Classification of existing Felidae |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=Series 8 |volume=XX |issue= |pages=329–350 |url=https://archive.org/stream/annalsmagazineof8201917lond#page/n359/mode/2up}} 3. ^Pocock, R. I. (1939). [https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n243/mode/2up The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1.] Taylor and Francis, London. 4. ^Hemmer, H. (1966). [https://archive.org/stream/verfentlichungen6668zool#page/n11/mode/2up Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae). Teil I.] [Researching the phylogenetic history of the Pantherinae. Part I.] Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München 11: 1–121. 5. ^{{cite journal |authors=Mazák, J. H., Christiansen, P. and A. C. Kitchener |year=2011 |title=Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0025483 |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=e25483 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 |pmid=22016768 |pmc=3189913}} 6. ^{{cite journal |author=Kitchener, A. C., Beaumont, M. A., Richardson, D. |title=Geographical Variation in the Clouded Leopard, Neofelis nebulosa, Reveals Two Species |journal=Current Biology |volume=16 |issue=23 |pages=2377–2383 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.066 |pmid=17141621}} 7. ^{{cite journal |author=Johnson, W.E., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W.J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E., O'Brien, S.J. |year=2006 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/311/5757/73 |title=The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal=Science |volume = 311 |pages = 73–77 |pmid = 16400146 |doi = 10.1126/science.1122277 |format = abstract |issue = 5757}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Wei | first1 = Lei | last2 = Wu | first2 = Xiaobing | last3 = Jiang | first3 = Zhigang | year = 2008 | title = The complete mitochondrial genome structure of snow leopard Panthera uncia | url = | journal = Molecular Biology Reports | volume = 36 | issue = 5| pages = 871–878 | doi = 10.1007/s11033-008-9257-9 }} 9. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Yu | first1 = Li | last2 = Qing-wei | first2 = Li | last3 = Ryder | first3 = O.A. | last4 = Ya-ping | first4 = Zhang | year = 2004 | title = Phylogenetic relationships within mammalian order Carnivora indicated by sequences of two nuclear DNA genes | url = http://www.ymf.ynu.edu.cn/SCI/2004SCI/2004/Li%20Yu(2004-2M.P.E).pdf | format = PDF | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 33 | issue = | pages = 694–705 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.08.001 | pmid = 15522797 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110707030924/http://www.ymf.ynu.edu.cn/SCI/2004SCI/2004/Li%20Yu(2004-2M.P.E).pdf | archivedate = 2011-07-07 | df = }} 10. ^{{cite journal |author=Yu, L., Zhang, Y. P. |year=2005 |title=Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats (Felidae) based on multiple genes, with novel application of nuclear beta fibrinogen intron 7 to carnivores |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=483–495 |url=}} 11. ^{{cite journal |author1=Geraads, D. |author2=Peigné, S. |year=2016 |title=Re-Appraisal of Felis pamiri Ozansoy, 1959 (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Upper Miocene of Turkey: the Earliest Pantherine Cat? |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=in press |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1007/s10914-016-9349-6 }} 3 : Pantherinae|Taxa named by R. I. Pocock|Extant Miocene first appearances |
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