| 词条 | Pantsir missile system |
| 释义 |
|name= Pantsir-S1 NATO reporting name: SA-22 "Greyhound" | image= MAKS Airshow 2013 (Ramenskoye Airport, Russia) (521-05).jpg | image_size = 300 |caption= Pantsir-S1 on 8×8 Truck KAMAZ-6560 TLAR |origin= Russia |type= Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= |is_vehicle=yes |is_missile= |is_UK=yes |service= 2012–present |used_by= See list of operators |wars= Syrian Civil War War in Donbass |designer= KBP Instrument Design Bureau |design_date= 1994 |manufacturer= Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant |unit_cost= US$ 13.15[1]–14.67[2] million (export) |production_date= 2008–present |number= 200[3] |variants= Pantsir-S (prototype), Pantsir-S1, Pantsir-S1-O (or Pantsir-S1E), Pantsir-S2 |spec_label= Pantsir-S1 |weight= |length= |part_length= |width= |height= |diameter= |crew= 3 |armour= |primary_armament= 95Ya6 series (basic missile), 95YA6-2/M series missile-targets, 23Ya6 missile (Domestic) 57E6, 57E6-E (Enhanced) (Export only) |secondary_armament= Two dual 2A38M {{cvt|30|mm}} autocannon guns |engine= |engine_power= |pw_ratio= |transmission= |payload_capacity= |suspension= |clearance= |wingspan= |propellant= |fuel_capacity= |vehicle_range= |ceiling= |altitude= |boost= |speed= |guidance= |steering= |accuracy= |launch_platform= |transport= }} The Pantsir ({{lang-ru|Панцирь}}) missile system is a family of self-propelled, medium-range surface-to-air missile systems. Pantsir-S1 ({{lang-ru|Панцирь-С1}}, NATO reporting name SA-22 Greyhound) is the first version and is a combined short to medium range surface-to-air missile and anti-aircraft artillery weapon system produced by KBP of Tula, Russia. The system is a further development of 2K22 Tunguska (NATO reporting name: SA-19/SA-N-11) and represents the latest air defence technology by using phased array radars for both target acquisition and tracking. The Pantsir-S1 was designed to provide point air defence of military/industrial/administrative installations against aircraft, helicopters, precision munitions, cruise missiles and UAVs and to provide additional protection to air defence units from enemy air attacks employing precision munitions especially at the low to extremely low ranges.[4][5] DesignThe first finished version was completed in 1995 with the 1L36 radar, later another was designed.[6] It is a short to medium range ground-based air defence system, wheeled, tracked or stationary with two to three operators. Its air defense consists of automatic anti-aircraft guns and surface-to-air missiles with radar or optical target-tracking and radio-command guidance. Its purpose is the protection of civil and military point and area targets, for motorised or mechanised troops up to regimental size or as defensive asset of higher ranking air defence systems like S-300/S-400. The system has capability for anti-munitions missions. It can hit targets on the waterline/above-water.[7] It can operate in a fully automatic mode.[8] It has the ability to work in a completely passive mode. The probability of hitting a target for 1 rocket is not less than 0.7 with a reaction time of 4–6 seconds.It can fire missiles and gun armament while in motion.[9] For its main radar station, early detection in height may be between 0-60° or 26-82° depending on the mode.[10] The system has claimed significant advantages over other systems, such as Crotale NG (France), Roland-3 (France + USA), Rapier 2000 (UK), SeaRAM (Germany + USA). This is not confirmed by comparative testing, but clearly follows from declared limit of possibilities of systems (2010).[11][12] Since 2013, there is a variant with two radar stations for early detection * standing back to back *.[13] The system has a modular structure which enables a fast and easy replacement of any part. [14] After receiving target coordinates (from any source) it may defeat the target (using all the radar except the early detection radar) within a range from -5 to +85 (82[15]) degrees (vertical).[16] The interval between missile launches is 1-1.5 seconds (a world record for analogue systems).[17]S-400 Triumf and Pantsir missile system can be integrated into a two-layer defense system.[18][19] DevelopmentOriginally Soviet strategic missile systems had been placed in fixed, hardened sites. Newer systems such as the S-300PS/PM (SA-10/20) on the other hand were much more mobile which reduced vulnerabilities to attack. However, once the S-300 unit was found by enemy forces it was still very vulnerable to massive attack. One of the roles for the Pantsir-S is to provide air defence to the S-300 missile systems.[20] It was also decided that a wheeled chassis would be better suited for the Pantsir-S rather than a tracked chassis, on grounds that wheeled vehicles are faster, less prone to breakdowns, easier to maintain, and cheaper to produce.[20] Development as Pantsir-S started in 1990 as a planned successor of Tunguska M1. A prototype was completed in 1994 and displayed at the MAKS-1995. The program soon ran into difficulties which resulted in a halt in funding. However, KBP continued development of the program using its own funds. This resulted in a complete re-design of both the turret and radar systems and removal of any older Tunguska equipment.[20] The system has two new radars with increased range, capable of tracking more air targets but also land targets and has an integrated IFF system. Within the cabin two new LCD multi-function displays have replaced the multiple CRT display and a new central computer system greatly decreased the reaction time. Single operator operation can be achieved when needed. Due to the new technologies adopted, the overall volume of the weapon station is reduced by a third while the overall weight is reduced by half. The system also has enhanced missiles (from type 57E6 to type 57E6-E probably interchangeable) and guns (from type 2A72 to type 2A38M). Live firing tests took place in June 2006 at the Kapustin Yar firing range, Astrakhan Region, Russia. Final test series prior to delivery in May 2007 at Kapustin Yar included a forced march of {{cvt|250|km}} to an unprepared launch position simulating the accomplishing of a typical air-defence mission. The Pantsir-S1 air-defence missile-gun system was adopted for service with the Russian Army by an order of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev on 16 November 2012.[21] Modernized Pantsir-S2 entered service in 2015.[22] VersionsRussia is developing a track-based Pantsir system to be more maneuverable with Russian Ground Forces and Airborne Troops.[25] Pantsir-S1This is first version and most numerously produced as of 2018. Pantsir-S1MNew upgraded variant of the Pantsir-S1 first unveiled in February 2019. It has an upgraded L-band search radar with ability to track up to 40 targets at once and new multifunctional EHF fire-control radar that can engage four targets simultaneously, both fitted with phased antenna arrays. The system also uses new 57E6M-E surface-to-air missile with increased ceiling from {{convert|15|to|18|km|mi|abbr=on}}, engagement range from {{convert|20|to|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} and speed {{convert|1300|to|1700|m/s|km/h mph|abbr=on}} as well as with heavier 25 kg fragmentation warhead, compared to the 20 kg warhead of the standard 57E6-E missile.[23] Pantsir-M/EM{{main|Pantsir-M}}Pantsir-M/EM systems will be deployed on the Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov.[24] Russian destroyers and other large ships will be modernized to accommodate the system.[25] Entered series production in 2015.[26] Russia's Defense Ministry has purchased three Naval "Pantsir-M"s.[27] The Pantsir-M differs from the land-based version by having two GSh-6-30K/AO-18KD {{cvt|30|mm}} six-barrel rotary cannons, as found on the Kashtan CIWS which it will replace, in place of the single-barrel autocannons, 8 missiles instead 12 and an additional radar separate from the one fitted on top of the turret itself. One Pantsir-M combat module can simultaneously engage four targets with four missiles and has an ammunition supply of 32 missiles. The ship-based complex may include several combat modules, with module ammunition supply stored in the storage and reloading system under the deck. The system may also be armed with the {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}-range Hermes-K missile for engaging surface or coastal targets. The Pantsir-M will be mounted aboard the Karakurt-class corvette and entered service by the end of 2018.[28][29][30][31][32] Height of destruction, 0 and 2 meters.[33] Pantsir-S2/S2EModernized system for the Armed Forces and for export. Incorporates new tracking radar, 2 faced radars with enhanced features and range. In service with Russia and Algeria. Pantsir-SMThe Pantsir-SM variant incorporates a multi-functional targeting station, increasing target detection range from {{convert|40|to|75|km|mi|abbr=on}} and engagement range from {{convert|20|to|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}.[34] The system also uses a new high-speed extended range missile, and existing Pantsir systems can be upgraded to SM standard.[35] It is fitted to a new 8×8 Kamaz truck chassis with an armored cab. Development should be completed in 2019.[36] Pantsir-SAAfter testing Pantsir in the Arctic, it was decided to design a new version specifically for the Arctic, to use at temperatures below {{convert|−50|C|F}} called Pantsir-SA.[37][38] This version has no 30mm auto-cannon mounted. OperationsThe specific feature of the Pantsir-S1 system is the combination of a multiple-band target acquisition and tracking system in conjunction with a combined missile and gun armament creating a continuous target engagement zone from {{cvt|5|m}} height and {{cvt|200|m}} range up to {{cvt|15|km}} height and {{cvt|20|km}} range, even without any external support. [39]ModesUsing a digital data link system up to six Pantsir-S1 combat vehicle can operate in various modes.
Prototypes
ArmamentMissiles{{Infobox weapon|name= 57E6 | image= Pantsir-S1 missile maks2009.jpg | image_size = 35 |caption= |origin= Russia |type= Surface-to-air missile |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= |is_vehicle= |is_missile=yes |is_UK=yes |service= 2012–present |used_by= See list of operators |designer= KBP Instrument Design Bureau |design_date= 1994 |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date= 2008 |number= |variants= 57E6, 57E6-E,[43] 57E6Y[40] |spec_label= 57E6-E[41] |weight= {{cvt|90|kg}} and {{cvt|74|kg}} without container packing and storage of missiles[42] |length= 3.2 m |part_length= |width= |height= |diameter=0.17 m |crew= |filling= frag-HE and multiple continuous rod |filling_weight= 20 kg |detonation= Contact and proximity |yield= |armour= |primary_armament= |secondary_armament= |engine= |engine_power= |pw_ratio= |transmission= |payload_capacity= |suspension= |clearance= |wingspan= |propellant= Solid-fuel rocket |fuel_capacity= |vehicle_range= {{convert|20|km|mi}} |ceiling= |altitude= {{convert|15|km|ft}} |boost= 2 seconds |speed= Start {{convert|1300|m/s|Mach|abbr=on}}, {{convert|780|m/s|Mach|abbr=on}} to {{cvt|18|km}} distance[43] |guidance= |steering= |accuracy= |launch_platform= |transport= }} Pantsir-S1 carries up to twelve export designated 57E6 or 57E6-E two-stage solid fuel radio-command-guided surface-to-air missiles in sealed ready-to-launch container tubes. Missiles are arranged into two six-tube groups on the turret. The missile has a bicalibre body in tandem configuration. The first stage is a booster, providing rapid acceleration within the first 2 seconds of flight, after which it is separated from the sustainer-stage. The sustainer is the highly agile part of the missile and contains the high explosive multiple continuous rod and fragmentation warhead, contact and proximity fuses as also radio transponder and laser responder to be localised for guidance. The missile is not fitted with seeker to keep target engagement costs low. Instead high-precision target and missile tracking is provided via the system's multiband sensor system and guidance data is submitted via radio link for up to four missiles in flight. Missiles can be fired at up to four targets, but more often in salvos of two missiles at one target. They are believed to have a hit probability of 70–95% and have a 15-year storage lifetime in its sealed containers. Pantsir-S1 combat vehicles can fire missiles on the move. Warhead weight {{convert|20|kg|lb|abbr=on}}({{convert|5.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} explosive + 2,000 14.5 g fragments and rods).[44][42] Fuses: contact and non-contact radar adaptive (a range of up to {{cvt|9|m}}).[43] Gvozd is a missile for Pantsir designed specifically against drones.[18][19]AutocannonTwo dual 2A38M {{cvt|30|mm}} autocannon guns are fitted with 700 rounds of a variety of ammunition—HE (High Explosive) fragmentation, fragmentation tracer, and armour-piercing with tracer. Ammunition type can be selected by the crew depending on the nature of the target. Maximum rate of fire is 2,500 rounds per minute per gun. Range is up to {{cvt|4|km}}. The combined gun-missile system has an extremely low altitude engagement capability (targets as low as 0 m AGL can be engaged by this system). Wheeled combat vehicles have to be jacked up to keep the machine in the horizontal position and be able to fire the gun with full accuracy. The KAMAZ-6560 has four oil hydraulic jacks for this purpose. Gun:
Fire controlThe Pantsir-S1 fire control system includes a target acquisition radar and dual waveband tracking radar (designation 1RS2-1E for export models), which operates in the UHF and EHF waveband. Detection range is {{convert|32|–|36|km|mi}} and tracking range is {{convert|24|–|28|km|mi}} for a target with {{cvt|2|m2}} RCS.[45] Can also reliably achieve more, to {{cvt|45|km}}.[10] This radar tracks both targets and the surface-to-air missile while in flight. Minimum target size {{convert|2|–|3|cm2|sqin}} ({{convert|0.0004|m2}})[42] As well as radar, the fire control system also has an electro-optic channel with long-wave thermal imager and infrared direction finder, including digital signal processing and automatic target tracking. A simplified, lower-cost version of Pantsir-S1 is also being developed for export, with only the electro-optic fire control system fitted. The two independent guidance channels—radar and electro-optic—allow two targets to be engaged simultaneously. And four[46] for more recent options (2012). Maximum engagement rate is up to 10-12[9] targets per minute. Types of purposes. Aircraft, UAVs, helicopters, anti-radar missiles (detection range of AGM-88 HARM missile {{convert|13|–|15|km|mi}}), air-launched cruise missiles.[44] Support vehiclesIn order to increase high operational readiness KBP has designed several vehicles to support the Pantsir-S1 in the field.[47]
CP Capabilities: Battalion CP – up to six launchers (battalion); Regimental CP – up to three bns; 24 hour continuous operations; Time of shutting down/deployment – 5 min; Number of work stations – 4; Crew – combat crew (3); driver-mechanic (1).
Multi-sensor systemOperational historySyriaA Pantsir-S1 unit of the Syrian Armed Forces reportedly scored the first combat kill of the type by downing a Turkish Air Force RF-4E carrying out a reconnaissance flight over the Syrian coast near Latakia on 22 June 2012.[48][49] The system has also been deployed by the Russian armed forces as part of the intervention in the Syrian Civil War since 2015. A Russian poster displayed at the International Military Technical Forum "Army-2017", from March to July 2017, claimed that the Pantsir systems deployed in Syria destroyed 12 flying objects, including the UAVs Heron, Bayraktar, RQ-21A, and also various missiles and an aerostat. At the beginning of October 2017, it was reported that the Pantsir destroyed two MLRS "Grad" missiles launched by ISIL.[50][51] On December 27, 2017, militants fired several missiles from the Bdama inhabited community at Latakia International Airport and the Russian Aerospace Forces deployment site in Khmeymim. Two missiles were intercepted by the Pantsir air defense system.[52] In the night of January 5 to 6, 2018, the Khmeimim air base was attacked by 13 aircraft-type unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Seven drones were eliminated by the Pantsir-S air defence systems, six landed at assigned coordinates with the use of electronic warfare hardware.[53] On April 14, 2018, American, British, and French forces launched a barrage of 103 air-to-surface and cruise missiles targeting eight sites in Syria. According to a Russian source, twenty-five Pantsir S-1 missiles launched in response destroyed twenty-three incoming missiles,[54] However, the American Department of Defense stated no Allied missiles were shot down.[55] A SA-22 system belonging to the Syrian Air Defense Force was destroyed by the Israel Defense Forces during the May 2018 Israel-Syria clashes.[56][57][58] According to Russian analysts and military personnel, the system must have been either turned off or out of ammo at the time of the strike.[59][60] On December 26, 2018, a video source show Syria anti-air systems firing towards the sky. Video sources claimed the systems were Pantsir-S2's[61], but according to a Russian news source, no Pantsir-S2's were delivered to Syria, meaning it was more likely Pantsir-S1's.[62] On January 21, 2019 an Israeli air force attack destroyed several operational Pantsir-S1 systems[63]. UkraineVarious independent experts believe Pantsir-S1 was operated on the separatist side during the War in Donbass. Remnants of its main armament were reported to have been observed in Ukraine in November 2014.[64] It was also reportedly filmed in Luhansk and photographed in Makiivka in the rebel-held territories during early 2015.[65][66][67][68] The Pantsyr-S air defense missile and gun system has gone on combat duty in the town of Kerch, eastern Crimea in early September 2018.[69] OperatorsCurrent operators
Failed bids
See also
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ANTIAIRCRAFT MISSILE-GUN COMPLEX (ZRPK) "PANTSIR-S"|website=Bastion-karpenko.narod.ru|accessdate=14 November 2014}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sdelanounas.ru/blogs/5846/|title=""Панцирь-С1" - ракетно-зенитный комплекс-конструктор" в блоге "Армия и Флот" - Сделано у нас|website=Сделано у нас|accessdate=14 November 2014}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Army.lv - международный проект Дмитрия Смирнова|url=http://army.lv/image_descr.php?id=7910&s=703&pid=461|website=Army.lv}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=Схемы 96К6 "Панцирь-С1" - зенитный ракетно-пушечный комплекс|url=http://army.lv/ru/pantsir-s1/shemi/703/461#info|website=Army.lv|language=ru}} 17. ^1 {{cite web|title=Ростех :: Исследования :: Неуязвимый "Панцирь"|url=http://rostec.ru/research/project/4515045|website=Rostec.ru}} 18. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pantsir-s1-makes-russian-air-defenses-stronger-2018-2?IR=T|title=Russia's newest anti-air defenses are in Syria — and the US should be worried|website=Businessinsider.com|accessdate=28 November 2018}} 19. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://jamestown.org/program/s-400-pantsir-tandem-new-old-feature-russian-a2-ad-capabilities/|title=The S-400–Pantsir ‘Tandem’: The New-Old Feature of Russian A2/AD Capabilities - 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Navyrecognition.com, 2 July 2015 29. ^Project 22800 Corvettes to be Fitted with Pantsir-M Naval Variant of Pantsir-S1 Air Defense System - Navyrecognition.com, 28 December 2015 30. ^Russian Navy to fit Project 22800 Corvettes with Pantsir-M Air Defense Missile/Gun System - Navyrecognition.com, 31 October 2016 31. ^Pantsir-M Naval Air Defense Missile/Gun System to Enter Service with Russian Navy Before Year-End - Navyrecognition.com, 28 February 2017 32. ^https://aviationweek.com/awindefense/rostec-confirms-operational-debut-pantsir-m 33. ^{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/arms/20170929/1505833739.html|title=ВМФ скоро получит первую партию новейших комплексов "Панцирь-МЕ"|date=29 September 2017|website=Ria.ru|accessdate=14 April 2018}} 34. ^New targeting device to double Pantsir anti-aircraft range - Armyrecognition.com, 10 October 2016 35. ^[https://armyrecognition.com/october_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/russia_to_complete_development_of_pantsir-sm_air_defense_in_2018.html Russia to complete development of Pantsir-SM air defense in 2018] - 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C1 ", Interfax.ru, October 15th 2015 101. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/67528/brazil-abandons-pantsir-s1-acquisition|title=Brazil abandons Pantsir-S1 acquisition|last=Barreira|first=Victor|date=2017-02-06|website=Jane's 360|dead-url=yes|access-date=2017-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023062945/http://www.janes.com/article/67528/brazil-abandons-pantsir-s1-acquisition|archive-date=2017-10-23|df=}} 102. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.defesanet.com.br/terrestre/noticia/17432/MBDA-e-AVIBRAS-anunciam-projeto-de-Defesa-Antiaerea-de-media-altura/|title=MBDA e AVIBARS anunciam projeto de Defesa Antiaérea de média altura|date=2014-11-14|website=Defesanet.com.br|language=pt|trans-title=MBDA and AVIBRAS announce medium range Air Defense project|access-date=2017-01-17}} External links{{Commons category|Pantsir-S1}}
4 : Weapons of Russia|Surface-to-air missiles of Russia|Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons of Russia|KBP Instrument Design Bureau products |
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