“Paragroup”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Paragroup is a term used in population genetics to describe lineages within a haplogroup that are not defined by any additional unique markers.

In human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups, paragroups are typically represented by an asterisk (*) placed after the main haplogroup.^[1]

The term "paragroup" is a portmanteau of the terms paraphyletic haplogroup indicating that paragroups form paraphyletic subclades.^[1] Apart from the mutations that define the parent haplogroup, paragroups may not possess any additional unique markers. Alternatively paragroups may possess unique markers that have not been discovered. If a unique marker is discovered within a paragroup, the specific lineage is given a unique name and is moved out of the paragroup to form an independent subclade.

For example, the paragroup of human Y-DNA Haplogroup DE is DE*. A member of DE* has the marker that defines DE, but not the markers that define DE's only known immediate subclades, haplogroups D and E.^[2] Likewise, haplogroup E1b1b1g (also known as E-M293) is an example of a relatively new subclade, discovered within a previously designated paragroup and assigned a new name. Until the SNP/UEP marker M293 was discovered in 2008, the members of the subclade were indistinguishable from other components of the paragroup E1b1b1* (also known as E3b* and E-M35*).^[3]

Another example is a member of the Y-DNA haplogroup R (defined by marker M207) may belong to the sub-haplogroup R1 (defined by marker M173) or R2 (defined by marker M124). Individuals with neither of these mutations would be categorised as belonging to haplogroup R*.

References

1. ^¹{{cite journal |title=A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups|first1=T. Y. C. |url=http://genome.cshlp.org/content/12/2/339.full.pdf |last=The Y Chromosome Consortium |journal=Genome Research|volume=12|pages=339–48|publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press |doi=10.1101/gr.217602 |pmc=155271 |year=2002 |pmid=11827954 |issue=2}}
2. ^{{cite journal|title=Rare Deep-Rooting Y Chromosome Lineages in Humans: Lessons for Phylogeography|author1=Weale, Michael E. |first9=N |last9=Bradman |first8=BA |last8=Connell |first7=D |last7=Zeitlin |first6=P |last6=Nymadawa |first5=JF |last5=Wilson |first4=J |last4=Greenhalgh |first3=AL |last3=Jones |first2=T |last2=Shah |year=2003 |pages=229–34 |issue=1 |volume=165 |journal=Genetics |url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/165/1/229 |pmid=14504230 |pmc=1462739|displayauthors=1}}
3. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0801184105 |last=Henn |first1=BM |last2=Gignoux |first2=C |last3=Lin |first3=AA |last4=Oefner |first4=PJ |last5=Shen |first5=P |last6=Scozzari |first6=R |last7=Cruciani |first7=F|last8=Tishkoff|first8=SA|last9=Mountain|first9=JL|title=Y-chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/105/31/10693.full|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=105 |year=2008 |issue=31 |pages=10693–8 |publisher=PNAS|pmid=18678889|pmc=2504844|displayauthors=1}}