| 词条 | Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| honorific-prefix = General | name = P P Kumaramangalam | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|commas=on|DSO|MBE|FRHS}} | image = File:General Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumramangalam.jpg | width = 200px | caption = | office = Chief of Army Staff (India) | term_start =8 June 1966 | term_end = 7 June 1969 | predecessor = General J.N. Chaudhuri | successor = General S.H.F.J. Manekshaw | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1913|7|01}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2000|03|13|1913|7|01}} | birth_place = Kumaramangalam, Madras Presidency, British Raj | death_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu | resting_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu | placeofburial_label = | module = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes | nickname = | allegiance = {{flag|British India}} (1933-1947) {{flag|India}} (after 1947) | branch = {{army|British Raj}} {{army|India}} | serviceyears = 1933–1969 | rank = General | servicenumber =IA-1282[1] | unit = Regiment of Artillery | commands = Eastern Army | battles = World War II Indo-Pakistan War of 1947 Sino-Indian War Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 | awards = Padma Vibhushan Distinguished Service Order Member of the Order of the British Empire | relations = P. Subbarayan (Father) Mohan Kumaramangalam (Brother) Rangarajan Mohan Kumaramangalam (Brother's Grandson) | laterwork = | signature = | office = Chief of Army Staff (India) | term_start = 8 June 1966 | term_end = 7 June 1969 | predecessor = General JN Chaudhuri | successor = Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw}} }} General Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|commas=on|DSO|MBE|FRHS}} (1 July 1913 – 13 March 2000) was the 7th Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) of the Indian Army from 1967 to 1970. He was among the last of the King's Commissioned Indian Officers trained in England in the Indian Army, and the last KCIO Indian Army Chief. Early life and educationP P Kumaramangalam was born to the Former Chief Minister of Madras Presidency, P. Subbarayan in the zamindari family of Kumaramangalam in Tamil Nadu. He had his secondary education at Eton College and was commissioned from the Royal Military Academy Woolwich as a Second Lieutenant on the Unattached List for the Indian Army on the 31 August 1933.[1] He was appointed to the British Indian Army on 12 November 1934.[2] Military lifeWorld War IIDuring World War II, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) as a temporary major for action in Libya on 27 May 1942 at Point 171, south of Bir Hakiem commanding the 7th Field Battery, 2nd Field Regiment, Indian Artillery.[3] The citation recommending Kumaramangalam for a Distinguished Service Order runs as follows:[4]
He was taken Prisoner of War (PoW) by the Italians later in 1942 and held in a PoW camp in Italy. With the Italian Armistice in September 1943 he escaped on 19 November;[5] however he was captured again in January 1944 and imprisoned, this time in Germany, where he was transferred to Stalag Luft III a high security camp for PoWs. At the end of the war in 1945, he returned to India. PostwarOn 18 April 1946, Kumaramangalam was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).[6] He became an acting Brigadier in 1948, with the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was promoted to the substantive rank of colonel on 2 February 1951.[7] As a brigadier, he was appointed to command a paratroop brigade on 14 February 1955,[8] and was given command of an infantry division on 9 September 1956, with the acting rank of major-general.[9] Kumaramangalam was promoted to substantive major-general on 1 August 1958,[10] and appointed the commandant of the Defence Services Staff College on 25 February 1959.[11] He was appointed Adjutant-General on 5 October 1959, with the acting rank of lieutenant-general.[12] Promoted lieutenant-general on 8 May 1961,[13] he took over as General Officer Commanding, Eastern Command on 1 May 1963, with appointment as GOC-in-C, Eastern Command on 4 April 1964.[14] On 16 November 1964 he was appointed Deputy Chief of the Army Staff,[15] followed by appointment as Vice Chief of the Army Staff on 15 January 1965.[16] General Kumaramangalam took over as the Chief of the Army Staff on 8 June 1966, the first Indian gunner officer and paratrooper to reach this coveted appointment. The tenure of General Kumaramangalam as Chief of the Army Staff was marked by an unpublicised but exhaustive re-organisation of the service, up-gradation of weapons, training and tactics based on the lessons learned from the 1965 War. He served in the Indian Army with distinction for 36 years until his retirement on 7 June 1969. He received the Padma Vibushan in 1970. Views on AmericaGeneral Kumaramangalam trained at the artillery school in Fort Sill, Oklahoma. From his letters it is evident he was not very impressed with the Americans. He saw them as suffering from an "aggressive inferiority complex" and cautioned a newly independent India against coming under American influence. The following is an excerpt from a letter written by him to C. Rajagopalachari in 1947: "This country is not one that I will ever get fond of. I have not got a very high opinion of them. The people that I have to deal with are very kind, hospitable and have been very good to the two of us. But somehow I feel there is a trace of artificiality in that and also it is the result of trying to impress one. They I think are very jealous of the old world and its background and culture and this results in an aggressive inferiority complex. As for their state of morality, there is none. People seem to delight in trying to outwit each other by any means, mainly crooked. The politicians are racketeers and big business has a tight grip on everything in the country. The small country trader and the farmer I think have their hands securely tied by the big men. I do hope that our country proceeds with caution and doesn't get entirely under the influence of the States."[17] Other interestsHe was also a polo player, horseman, show jumper, and cricketer. He was a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club, a fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society, and president of Indian Polo Association and Equestrian Federation of India. On retirement as army chief, he was elected President of the World Wildlife Fund - India (WWF-India) during its formative stages.[18] DeathHe died following a heart attack on 13 March 2000. Awards and Decorations
Dates of rank
See also
Notes1. ^1 {{London Gazette|issue=33974|page=5733|date=1 September 1933}} 2. ^{{London Gazette|issue=34129|page=775|date=1 February 1935}} 3. ^{{London Gazette|issue=35665 |supp=y|page=3543|date=11 August 1942}} 4. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7358935|title=Recommendation for Award for Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva Prabhakar |website=The National Archives (UK)|publisher=UK Government |access-date=4 November 2018}} 5. ^{{cite news|title=Major Kumaramangalam Escapes|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=guRYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2248%2C5887796|accessdate=11 February 2018|agency=Associated Press|publisher=The Indian Express|date=20 November 1943|page=1}} 6. ^{{London Gazette|issue=37536 |supp=y|page=1949|date=16 April 1946}} 7. ^1 {{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=57 |date=24 March 1951 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 8. ^1 {{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=72 |date=9 April 1955 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 9. ^1 {{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2 |date=5 January 1957 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 10. ^1 {{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=261 |date=24 October 1959 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 11. ^{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2 |date=9 May 1959 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 12. ^1 {{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=286 |date=21 November 1959 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 13. ^1 {{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=245 |date=16 September 1961 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 14. ^{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=172 |date=2 May 1964 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 15. ^{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=509 |date=19 December 1964 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 16. ^{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=73 |date=6 February 1965 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 17. ^P.P. Kumaramangalam to C. Rajagopalachari, 22 December 1947, in File 82, Fifth Installment, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, NMML. 18. ^http://factstasy.blogspot.in/2012/04/list-of-chief-of-army-staff-of-ndian.html#.Vdldjvmqqko 19. ^{{London Gazette|issue=34173|page=4012|date=21 June 1935}} 20. ^{{cite book|pages=187|title=Indian Army List for October 1945 (Part I)|first= |last=|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1945|ISBN=|subject=}} 21. ^{{London Gazette|issue=35165|page=2827|date=16 May 1941}} 22. ^{{London Gazette|issue=38069|page=4286|date=12 September 1947}} 23. ^Upon independence in 1947, India became a Dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations. As a result, the rank insignia of the British Army, incorporating the Tudor Crown and four-pointed Bath Star ("pip"), was retained, as George VI remained Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces. After 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, the President of India became Commander-in-Chief, and the Ashoka Lion replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip." 24. ^Upon independence in 1947, India became a Dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations. As a result, the rank insignia of the British Army, incorporating the Tudor Crown and four-pointed Bath Star ("pip"), was retained, as George VI remained Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces. After 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, the President of India became Commander-in-Chief, and the Ashoka Lion replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip." 25. ^Upon independence in 1947, India became a Dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations. As a result, the rank insignia of the British Army, incorporating the Tudor Crown and four-pointed Bath Star ("pip"), was retained, as George VI remained Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces. After 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, the President of India became Commander-in-Chief, and the Ashoka Lion replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip." 26. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archivedate=8 August 2017|df=dmy-all}} 27. ^{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=227 |date=11 February 1950 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} References{{reflist}}{{S-start}}{{s-mil}}{{Succession box| before = Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri |title = Chief of Army Staff | years = 1966–1969 | after = Sam Manekshaw }}{{succession box |before = T. B. Henderson Brooks |title = General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command |years = 1963-1964 |after =Sam Manekshaw }}{{S-end}}{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}{{Chief of the Army Staff India}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumaramangalam, P P}} 18 : 1913 births|2000 deaths|People educated at Eton College|Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich|Chiefs of Army Staff (India)|Companions of the Distinguished Service Order|Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service|Members of the Order of the British Empire|Kumaramangalam family|Indian Army personnel of World War II|Indian prisoners of war|World War II prisoners of war held by Italy|Indian escapees|Escapees from Italian detention|World War II prisoners of war held by Germany|British Indian Army officers|Indian generals|Fellows of the Royal Horticultural Society |
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