“Parczew partisans”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Parczew partisans were fighters in irregular military groups participating in the Jewish resistance movement against Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II.^[1] The name of the partisan force, coined by the Holocaust historians, is borrowed from the Parczew forest located a short distance away from Lublin, halfway to the town of Sobibór, the location of the Sobibór extermination camp during the Holocaust in occupied Poland. The Jews who managed to escape from the camp hid in there along with the considerable number of Jewish families of the Lublin Ghetto.^[1]

The area including Parczew and Włodawa counties near Lublin in the General Government became one of the primary battlefields of the Jewish partisan movement. An area of forests and lakes with few passable roads, the Parczew forests were an ideal location for partisan activity. Notable partisan leaders included Ephraim (Frank) Bleichman , Harold Werner, and Shmuel (Mieczysław) Gruber. Werner and Gruber were second-in-command to Yechiel Grynszpan, who led Jewish forces in the Parczew forest, and Bleichman was one of Grynszpan's two platoon commanders.

The same forest constituted the main base of the non-Jewish Polish partisan movement as well. Such high concentration of resistance including Gwardia Ludowa (GL), Bataliony Chłopskie (BCh), and Armia Krajowa (AK) was possible only due to strong material support from the surrounding counties.^[2]

History

The group fought along with the People's Guard ({{lang-pl|Gwardia Ludowa}}) in a number of intense engagements against German forces, making use of machine guns, explosives for mining railways and other supplies air-dropped by Soviet forces, with food stuffs requisitioned from local farmers. They participated in the takeover of the city of Parczew on April 16, 1944.^[3]

The Holocaust Encyclopedia claims that the Polish Home Army (AK) usually refused to accept Jews. This information however, is challenged on statistical grounds by the Jewish veteran of the Polish Home Army First Armoured Division, Willie Glaser who wrote, that Jewish resistance fighters were members of the Armia Krajowa in considerable numbers as well.^[4] Also, Gwardia Ludowa (GL) partisans, created by the communist PPR in January 1942 (with whom Parczew partisans aligned themselves) were engaged in terror aimed at local domination. On one occasion, the unit of Gwardia Ludowa commanded by Grzegorz Korczyński from Kraśnik County near Lublin, committed mass atrocities in the village of Ludmiłówka on 6 December 1942 killing dozens of Jews in retaliation for the PPR action in Grabówka against their own men. The murders were hushed up in Stalinist Poland by the Ministry of Public Security engaged in brutal persecution of the AK soldiers.^[5]

After Operation Barbarossa, the German military and Orpo aided by the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police battalions,^[6] began mass deportations of Polish inhabitants of Zamojszczyzna south of Chełm in preparation for the Generalplan Ost resettlement ordered by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler.^[7] Some Polish villages were simply razed and their inhabitants massacred.^[8]^[9] During Heim ins Reich Ukraineraktion (pl),^[11] pro-Nazi Ukrainians and German-Ukrainian Volksdeutsche were being resettled there along with ethnic Germans from the east.^[10] They were given new latifundia built by Jewish prisoners of the Lublin Reservation who were sent to nearby Sobibór extermination camp afterwards.^[11] The Polish underground retaliated by launching the Zamość uprising, considered to be among the largest actions of the Polish resistance during World War II.^[12]^[13] Some Ukrainian sources refer to this operation as a massacre of Ukrainian villagers near Chelm and in the Podlasie area, and attribute thousands of those killed to the Polish underground.^[14]^[15] Such claims are rejected by the Institute of National Remembrance,^[16] and debunked by Ukrainian authors of the Historical Dictionary of Ukraine who point out that recent studies confirm a much lower figure.^[17] According to Jewish sources, the Jewish partisans themselves used to execute Ukrainian villagers "who had gone to the woods to round up the Jews who had escaped" from the ghettos.^[20] The killings in villages near the Parczew forest were motivated by revenge for the "anti-Jewish activities" of the Ukrainian peasants.^[18]^[19]

See also

Notes and references

1. ^{{cite book |url=http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf |last=Browning |first=Christopher R. |author-link=Christopher Browning |orig-year=1992 |year=1998 |title=Arrival in Poland |publisher=Penguin Books |work=Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland |accessdate=October 18, 2015 |pages=88–93, 104–106 |format=PDF |via=direct download 7.91 MB complete |quote=Also: [https://www.webcitation.org/6GIJ2XpOy?url=http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf PDF cache archived by WebCite.]}}
2. ^{{cite journal |url=https://parczew.nazwa.pl/um/images/2014/Lipiec/STRATEGIA_2014-2020_.pdf |title=Historia Parczewa. Bitwa w Lasach Parczewskich, 6–7 grudnia 1942 roku |trans-title=History of Parczew. Battle in the Parczew forest, 6–7 December 1942 |author=Agnieszka Smreczyńska-Gąbka |publisher=Gmina Parczew |quote=PDF excerpt.}}
3. ^¹{{Cite web | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007222 | accessdate = 2007-08-15 | title = Partisan Groups in the Parczew Forests | publisher = U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum | author=Holocaust Encyclopedia | quote=Text from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum webpage has been released under the GFDL license (OTRS ticket no. 2007071910012533 confirmed). The Museum can offer no guarantee that the information is correct in each circumstance.}}
4. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.citinet.net/ak/pages/polska_40.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626154123/http://www.citinet.net/ak/pages/polska_40.html | dead-url=yes | archive-date=June 26, 2007 | title=Letter to Polish Home Army (AK) Association | work=Jewish Military Casualties in The Polish Armies in World War II | date=February 5, 2000 | accessdate=2013-05-24 | author=Willie Glaser | format=[https://www.webcitation.org/6GrFugILn?url=http://www.citinet.net/ak/pages/polska_40.html WebCite] }}
5. ^{{cite book | url=http://glaukopis.pl/pdf/1/artykul-4-1.pdf | title=Przypadek Stefana Kilianowicza, vel Grzegorza Korczyńskiego | publisher=Glaukopis No. 1-2003 | work=Z genealogii elit PZPR | date=2003 | accessdate=4 June 2015 | author=Piotr Gontarczyk | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408025123/http://glaukopis.pl/pdf/1/artykul-4-1.pdf | archivedate=8 April 2015 | df= }}
6. ^{{cite book |url=http://ipn.gov.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/83266/1-40750.pdf |title=Aktion Zamosc |publisher=Institute of National Remembrance |work=Pamięć.pl Nr 8/2012 |location=OBEP IPN, Lublin |date=2012 |author=Agnieszka Jaczyńska |at=30-35 (1-5 in PDF) |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528142101/http://ipn.gov.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/83266/1-40750.pdf |archivedate=2015-05-28 |df= }}
7. ^{{YouTube | id=yaRaDcUNHmI | title=Dzieci Zamojszczyzny (Children of Zamojszczyzna)}} produced by Telewizja Polska S.A., Lublin, Dział Form Dokumentalnych, for Program 2, TVP S.A., 1999 (42 min. in colour and black-and-white).
8. ^"Zamosc Ghetto" at DeathCamps.org. Last retrieved on March 16, 2008
9. ^Joseph Poprzeczny, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=2arPruq8lhIC Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East], McFarland, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7864-1625-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gjOO6ui8SIkC&pg=PA110&vq=Zamosc&dq=%22Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87+Uprising%22+-wikipedia&source=gbs_search_s&sig=YlJNpg9GF1yU8bl99WYizvmGUys pp. 110–111.]
10. ^¹{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Zamojszczyzna%20116%2C000&f=false |title=Poland's Holocaust |publisher=McFarland |ISBN=0786403713 |year=1998 |author=Tadeusz Piotrowski |pages=299– |authorlink=Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hansk.info/index.php?id=114&id2=102 |title=Obozy pracy na terenie Gminy Hańsk |publisher=Hansk.info, the official webpage of Gmina Hańsk |accessdate=29 September 2014 |author=Sławomir Sobolewski |trans-title=World War II forced labour camps in Gmina Hańsk}}
12. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2arPruq8lhIC |title=Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East |publisher=McFarland |author=Joseph Poprzeczny |year=2004 |isbn=0786481463}}
13. ^Armia Krajowa at Encyklopedia PWN
14. ^{{cite web|last1=Motyl|first1=Alexander J.|author-link=Alexander J. Motyl |title=Trivializing Genocide: A Dangerous Distraction |url=http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/alexander-j-motyl/trivializing-genocide-dangerous-distraction |website=World Affairs Journal |accessdate=18 August 2016}}
15. ^{{cite book |last1=Subtelny |first1=Orest |author-link=Orest Subtelny |title=Ukraine: A History |quote="Ukrainians claim that massacres of their people began earlier, in 1942, when Poles wiped out thousands of Ukrainian villagers in the predominantly Polish areas of Khom" |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&pg=PT439&dq=kholm+subtelny+1942&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwik5vf6ytXOAhWClB4KHZGfCjwQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=kholm%20subtelny%201942&f=false |accessdate=22 August 2016}}
16. ^{{cite journal |work=Volhynia Massacre |title=The Genocide on Poles Conducted by the OUN-B and UPA |url=http://www.volhyniamassacre.eu/history/history |publisher=Institute of National Remembrance |author=Grzegorz Motyka |quote=...the "masses of Ukrainian refugees" from the Chełm region who had fled across the Bug River eastward as early as 1942/1943... inflamed the anti-Polish sentiments among Ukrainian peasants by telling them about the atrocities Poles had purportedly committed against Ukrainians in the Chełm region. All this is in line with the pro-Bandera propaganda put forward during the last stages of World War II and successfully promoted after the war by émigré Ukrainian nationalist historians associated with OUN-B.}}
17. ^{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Ukraine |authors=Ivan Katchanovski, Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, Myroslav Yurkevich |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2013 |ISBN=081087847X |page=698 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&q=Kholm+%28Che%C5%82m%29+region+1942}}
18. ^¹{{cite book |last1=Werner |first1=Harold |title=Fighting Back: A Memoir of Jewish Resistance in World War II |work=First-party account written in bed before Werner's death in 1989 |date=1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |url=https://www.amazon.ca/Fighting-Back-Memoir-Jewish-Resistance/dp/0231078838#reader_0231078838}} {{better source|date=August 2016}}
19. ^{{cite book |last1=Chodakiewicz |first1=Marek Jan |title=Intermarium: The Land Between the Black and Baltic Seas |page=159 |quote="However, the former villages, according to Jewish sources, were attacked by Jewish partisans in revenge for the villagers' anti-Jewish activities." |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gAh2Ji6rBVwC&q=Parczew#v=snippet&q=Parczew&f=false |via=Google Books}}