| 词条 | Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha |
| 释义 |
| honorific-prefix = Pargalı · {{H:title|'the European'|Frenk|dotted=no}} · Makbul · {{H:title|'the Executed'|Maktul|dotted=no}} · | name = Ibrahim | honorific-suffix = Pasha | image = File:Pargalı İbrahim Paşa.jpg | caption = Engraving of Ibrahim Pasha | office1 = 28th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire | term_start1 = 27 June 1523 | term_end1 = 14 March 1536 | monarch1 = Suleiman I | predecessor1 = Piri Mehmed Pasha | successor1 = Ayas Mehmed Pasha | office2 = Ottoman Governor of Egypt | term_start2 = 1525 | term_end2 = 1525 | monarch2 = Suleiman I | predecessor2 = Güzelce Kasım Pasha | successor2 = Güzelce Kasım Pasha | office3 = | term_start3 = | term_end3 = | monarch3 = | predecessor3 = | successor3 = | office4 = | term_start4 = | term_end4 = | monarch4 = | predecessor4 = | successor4 = | succeeding = | birth_date = c. 1495 | birth_place = Parga, Republic of Venice | death_date = 15 March 1536 | death_place = Constantinople, Ottoman Empire | nationality = Ottoman | blank1 = | data1 = | party = | spouse = Muhsine Hatun[1] | relations = | children = | residence = | alma_mater = | occupation = | profession = | religion = Islam, previously Orthodox Christianity | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha ("Ibrahim Pasha of Parga"; c. 1495 – 15 March 1536), also known as Frenk Ibrahim Pasha ("the Westerner"), Makbul Ibrahim Pasha ("the Favorite"), which later changed to Maktul Ibrahim Pasha ("the Executed") after his execution in the Topkapı Palace, was the first Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire appointed by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Ibrahim, born a Christian, was enslaved during his youth. He and Suleiman became close friends in their youth. In 1523, Suleiman appointed Ibrahim as Grand Vizier to replace Piri Mehmed Pasha, who had been appointed in 1518 by Suleiman's father, the preceding sultan Selim I. Ibrahim remained in office for the next 13 years. He attained a level of authority and influence rivaled by only a handful of other grand viziers of the Empire, but in 1536, he was executed on Suleiman's orders and his property was confiscated by the state. BiographyOriginIbrahim was born to Orthodox Christian parents in Parga, Epirus, then part of the Republic of Venice. His ethnicity is unknown, but he probably originally spoke a Slavic dialect and also knew Greek and Albanian. His father was either a sailor or a fisherman.[1] Some time between 1499 and 1502 he was captured in a raid by Iskender Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Bosnia, becoming a slave. He first met Prince Suleiman while residing at Iskender Pasha's estate near Edirne, most likely in 1514. It was then that he was taken into Suleiman's service.[2] Political careerAfter his rival Hain Ahmed Pasha, the governor of Egypt, declared himself independent of the Ottoman Empire and was executed in 1524, Ibrahim Pasha traveled south to Egypt in 1525 and reformed the Egyptian provincial civil and military administration system. He promulgated an edict, the Kanunname, outlining his system.[3][4] In a lavish ceremony in 1523, Ibrahim Pasha was married to Muhsine Hatun, the granddaughter of the same Iskender Pasha who had captured him more than two decades previously. This marriage appears to have been politically motivated as a method of integrating Ibrahim, an outsider, into the Ottoman elite. While Muhsine was initially skeptical about her new husband, they eventually formed a loving relationship. Although historians once believed that the woman Ibrahim married was Hatice Sultan, the sister of Sultan Suleiman, this had been based on scanty evidence and conjecture. As a result of research carried out by the historian Ebru Turan, including the discovery of multiple references to Muhsine in Venetian and Ottoman texts as well as a signed letter from her to Ibrahim, it is now generally accepted that Ibrahim's wife was Muhsine and not Hatice.[5] On the diplomatic front, Ibrahim's work with Western Christendom was a complete success. Portraying himself as "the real power behind the Ottoman Empire", Ibrahim used a variety of tactics to negotiate favorable deals with the leaders of the Catholic powers. The Venetian diplomats even referred to him as "Ibrahim the Magnificent", a play on Suleiman's usual sobriquet. In 1533, he convinced Charles V to turn Hungary into an Ottoman vassal state. In 1535, he completed a monumental agreement with Francis I that gave France favorable trade rights within the Ottoman Empire in exchange for joint action against the Habsburgs. This agreement would set the stage for joint Franco-Ottoman naval maneuvers, including the basing of the Ottoman fleet in southern France (in Toulon) during the winter of 1543–1544. Although Ibrahim Pasha had long since converted to Islam, he maintained some ties to his roots, even bringing his parents to live with him in the Ottoman capital, where they also converted to Islam. His father took the name Yusuf and joined the Ottoman elite, becoming a governor in Epirus.[6] On March 15 of 1536, Ibrahim Pasha, at age 43, was strangled to death without explanation by mute executioners at a dinner party on Suleiman's orders.[7] In popular media
See also
References1. ^{{cite journal |last=Turan |first=Ebru |title=The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman’s Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire |journal=Turcica |volume=41 |date=2009 |pages=5-6 |quote=Originally, he probably spoke a Slavic dialect; sources mention that during the peace negotiations with the Habsburgs in 1533 he conversed in his mother tongue with Ferdinand I's representative Jerome of Zara, who was a Croatian... Venetian sources indicate that the pasha could also speak Greek and Albanian.}} 2. ^{{cite journal |last=Turan |first=Ebru |title=The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman’s Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire |journal=Turcica |volume=41 |date=2009 |pages=6-9}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Raymond|first=André|others=Translated by Willard Wood|title=Cairo: City of History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8CVAAAACAAJ|edition=Harvard|year=2001|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|location=Cairo, Egypt; New York|isbn=978-977-424-660-9|page=191}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Holt|first1=P. M.|last2=Gray|first2=Richard|editor1-last=Fage|editor1-first=J.D.|editor2-last=Oliver|editor2-first=Roland|title=Egypt, the Funj and Darfur|journal=The Cambridge History of Africa|location=London, New York, Melbourne|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=IV|year=1975|pages=14–57|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521204132.003}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Turan |first=Ebru |title=The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman’s Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire |journal=Turcica |volume=41 |date=2009 |pages=3-36}}* {{Cite book |last=Şahin |first=Kaya |title=Empire and Power in the reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-107-03442-6 |pages=51}}* {{Cite book |last=Peirce |first=Leslie |title=Empress of the East: How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire |year=2017 |publisher=Basic Books |page=157 |quote=Muhsine, granddaughter of an illustrious statesman, is now largely accepted as Ibrahim's wife.}} 6. ^{{cite journal |last=Turan |first=Ebru |title=The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman’s Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire |journal=Turcica |volume=41 |date=2009 |pages=6}} 7. ^{{cite web |title=Why did Suleiman the Magnificent have Ibrahim Pasha killed? Did Roxelana really have a lot to do with this and if so why? |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6dv2e8/why_did_suleiman_the_magnificent_have_ibrahim/ |website=Reddit |accessdate=26 February 2019}} Bibliography{{refbegin}}
14 : 1495 births|1536 deaths|People from Preveza (regional unit)|16th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire|Converts to Islam from Eastern Orthodoxy|Executed people of the Ottoman Empire|Pashas|Seraskers|Suleiman the Magnificent|Grand Viziers of Suleiman the Magnificent|16th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman governors of Egypt|Ottoman people of the Ottoman–Persian Wars|Former Greek Orthodox Christians |
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