| 词条 | Parmacellidae |
| 释义 |
| fossil_range = ?Upper Eocene, Lower Pliocene-Recent[1] | name = Parmacellidae | image = Parmacella valenciennii.jpg | image_caption = Parmacella valenciennii | image2 = Cryptella canariensis.jpg | image2_caption = Two views of a live individual of Cryptella canariensis | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Gastropoda | unranked_superfamilia = clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura clade Panpulmonata clade Eupulmonata clade Stylommatophora informal group Sigmurethra clade limacoid clade | superfamilia = Parmacelloidea | familia = Parmacellidae | familia_authority = P. Fischer, 1856 (1855) | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = See text | synonyms = Cryptellidae Gray, 1855 (nomen oblitum)[1] }} Parmacellidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Parmacelloidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Slugs in this family make and use love darts made of chitin. DistributionThe distribution of the family Parmacellidae includes the western Palearctic,[3] and ranges from the Canary Islands and Europe to Afghanistan.[2] GeneraGenera within family Parmacellidae include:
CladogramThe following cladogram shows the phylogenic relationship of this family with the other families in the limacoid clade:[6] {{clade|label1= limacoid clade |1={{clade |label1= Staffordioidea |1=Staffordiidae |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1= Dyakioidea |1=Dyakiidae |label2= Gastrodontoidea |2={{clade |1=Pristilomatidae |2={{clade |1=Chronidae |2={{clade |1=Euconulidae |2=Trochomorphidae |3={{clade |1=Gastrodontidae |2=Oxychilidae }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1= Parmacelloidea |1={{clade |1=Trigonochlamydidae |2=Parmacellidae |3=Milacidae |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1= Zonitoidea |1=Zonitidae |label2= Helicarionoidea |2={{clade |1=Helicarionidae |2={{clade |1=Ariophantidae |2=Urocyclidae }} }} }} |label2= Limacoidea |2={{clade |1=Vitrinidae |2={{clade |1=Boettgerillidae |2={{clade |1=Limacidae |2=Agriolimacidae }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} References1. ^Schileyko A. A. (2003). "On the conservation of the name Parmacellidae P. Fischer, 1856". Ruthenica 13(2): 167-168. PDF. 2. ^1 "Family summary for Parmacellidae". AnimalBase, last modified 21 February 2009, accessed 1 September 2010. 3. ^Kantor Yu I., Vinarski M. V., Schileyko A. A. & Sysoev A. V. (published online on December 22, 2009). "CATALOGUE OF THE CONTINENTAL MOLLUSKS OF RUSSIA AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES". Version 2.3. 4. ^Schileyko A. A. (2007). "Levanderiella, a new name for Levanderia Likharev et Wiktor, 1980 (Pulmonata, Parmacellidae)". Ruthenica 17(1-2): 84. PDF. 5. ^1 Parmacellidae. Fauna Europaea, accessed 19 November 2009. 6. ^1 Hausdorf B. (2000). "Biogeography of the Limacoidea sensu lato (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): Vicariance Events and Long-Distance Dispersal". Journal of Biogeography 27(2): 379-390. {{doi|10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00403.x}}, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2656267 JSTOR]. Further reading
External links{{commons category|Parmacellidae}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q1891255}} 1 : Parmacellidae |
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