| 词条 | Parochetus |
| 释义 |
| name = Parochetus communis | image = Parochetus communis NZ.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | regnum = Plantae | unranked_divisio = Angiosperms | unranked_classis = Eudicots | unranked_ordo = Rosids | ordo = Fabales | familia = Fabaceae | tribus = Trifolieae | subtribus = Parochetinae | subtribus_authority = Chaudhary & Sanjappa | genus = Parochetus | genus_authority = Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don [2] | species = P. communis | binomial = Parochetus communis | binomial_authority = Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | synonyms =
| synonyms_ref = [1][4][2] }} Parochetus communis, known in English as shamrock pea or blue oxalis,[3] is a species of legume, and the only species in the genus Parochetus and in the subtribe Parochetinae.[4] It is a low-growing plant with blue papilionaceous flowers and clover-like leaves. It is found in the mountains of Asia and tropical Africa, and has been introduced to New Zealand. DescriptionParochetus communis is a prostrate herb, growing up to {{convert|10|-|20|cm}} tall.[2] Its leaves are trifoliate (three-parted, like a clover leaf), with each leaflet being {{convert|8|-|20|mm|1|abbr=on}} long and similarly wide (exceptionally up to {{convert|40|mm|disp=or|abbr=on}}).[5][10] The leaflets are cuneate (wedge-shaped) at the base, and notched at the tip, with margins that may be smooth or have minute teeth.[5][10] The stipules at the base of each leaf-stalk are {{convert|4|-|5|mm|2|abbr=on}} long and entire (untoothed and undivided).[5]The flowers of P. communis are borne singly or in clusters of up to three flowers on stalks that are typically {{convert|8|-|15|cm|abbr=on}} long, but can be {{convert|1.5|-|25|cm|1|abbr=on}} long.[5][10] The flowers are generally blue, but occasionally white or purple; the standard (the large upper petal) is {{convert|12|-|20|mm|1|abbr=on}} long, notched at the tip, and narrowed at the base.[5][10] The wings (lateral petals) are around {{convert|13|mm|1|abbr=on}} long, and the keel is {{convert|20|-|25|mm|1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3|-|4|mm|1|abbr=on}} wide.[5] The seeds of P. communis form inside pods; each pod is {{convert|15|-|25|mm|1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|4|-|5|mm|2|abbr=on}} wide and contains 8–12 seeds, with each seed being around {{convert|2|mm|2|abbr=on}} long and slightly kidney-shaped, somewhat narrower than long.[5][10] Distribution, ecology and conservationParochetus communis is native to the Himalaya and other Asian mountain systems as far south as Java, and also the Afrotropical mountains.[6] In Africa, it is found in Burundi, central Ethiopia, eastern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and western parts of Uganda, and grows in damp, shdy places on the forest floor or along the banks of streams and rivers at altitudes of {{convert|1500|-|2000|m}}.[7] In China, it grows at altitudes of {{convert|1800|-|3000|m|abbr=on}}.[5] Parochetus communis has been introduced to New Zealand, where it was first recorded in 1944.[8]Because of its wide distribution and the absence of any threats to the species, Parochetus communis is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.[3] Taxonomic historyThe genus Parochetus was established by David Don (based on unpublished manuscripts by Francis Hamilton) in Hamilton's {{lang|la|Prodromus Floræ Nepalensis}} ("Introduction to the Flora of Nepal") of 1825[9] for the two species P. communis and P. major, which were separated on the basis of their leaf margins.[10] In 1835, John Forbes Royle described a third species, P. oxalidifolia, again based on leaf margin differences. It was later realised that intergradations between all three leaf forms were seen, and so the three taxa were merged into a single species.[10] In 1871, Parochetus was collected from Africa for the first time, as part of David Livingstone's Zambezi Expedition, from Mount Chiradzulu in southern Malawi.[11] A new species, Parochetus africanus, was erected for specimens from Africa in 1991 by Roger Marcus Polhill, but this was reduced to a subspecies of P. communis in 1998 because of a perceived lack of differentiating characters.[10] Parochetus is traditionally classified in the tribe Trifolieae of the family Leguminosae (Fabaceae), although its inclusion in that tribe has also been considered doubtful.[12] Because Parochetus could not be comfortably accommodated in either of the existing subtribes of the Trifolieae, a new subtribe, Parochetinae, was erected in 1998 to accommodate Parochetus alone.[13]HorticultureParochetus has been grown in Europe since the early 19th century,[11] but is considered "tender" in the United Kingdom, and will only survive outdoors in warm and sheltered areas.[14] Plants from Asian stock may be hardier than those from Africa.[11]References1. ^{{cite book |year=2001 |title=Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals) |editor1=Peter Hanelt |editor2=R. Büttner |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783540410171 |page=859 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC&pg=PA859}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~5450&genus~Parochetus&species~communis |title=Parochetus communis |publisher=International Legume Database & Information Service |work=LegumeWeb |accessdate=November 12, 2013}} 3. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | author = S. Mani | title = Parochetus communis | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2011 | page = e.T176913A7330107 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2011 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/176913/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T176913A7330107.en | access-date = 15 January 2018}} 4. ^{{cite book |author=Rashtra Vardhana |year=2006 |title=Floristic Plants of the World |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=9788176256513 |page=633 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqDIKeC9wMwC&pg=PA633}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book |author=Shugang Li |author2=Langran Xu |author3=Dezhao Chen |author4=Xiangyun Zhu |author5=Puhua Huang |author6= Zhi Wei |author7=Ren Sa |author8=Prof. Dianxiang Zhang |author9=Bojian Bao |author10=Delin Wu |author11=Hang Sun |author12=Xinfen Gao |author13=Supee S. Larsen |author14=Ivan Nielsen |author15=Dieter Podlech |author16=Yingxin Liu |author17=Hiroyoshi Ohashi |author18=Zhaoyang Chang |author19=Kai Larsen |author20=Jianqiang Li |author21=Stanley L. Welsh |author22=Michael A. Vincent |author23=Mingli Zhang|author24=Michael G. Gilbert |author25=Les Pedley|author26=Brian D. Schrire |author27=Gennady P. Yakovlev |author28=Mats Thulin |author29=Ivan C. Nielsen |author30=Byoung-Hee Choi |author31=Nicholas J. Turland |author32=Roger M. Polhill |author33=Supee Saksuwan Larsen |author34=Ding Hou |author35=Yu Iokawa |author36=C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear |author37=Gregory Kenicer |author38=Tomoyuki Nemoto |author39=J. Michael Lock |author40=Alfonso Delgado Salinas |author41=Tatiana E. Kramina |author42=Anthony R. Brach |author43=Bruce Bartholomew |author44=Dmitry D. Sokoloff |last-author-amp=yes |year=2010 |series=Flora of China |volume=10 |title=Fabaceae |chapter=Parochetus Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 240. 1825 |pages=551–552 |isbn=9781930723917 |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden Press |editor1=Wu Zhengyi|editor2=P. H. Raven |editor3=Deyuan Hong|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220009970}} 6. ^{{cite book |author=D. J. Mabberley |author-link=David Mabberley |year=2008 |title=Mabberley's Plant-book: a Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classifications, and Uses |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521820714 |page=635 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC&pg=PA635}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://apps.kew.org/efloras/namedetail.do?flora=fz&taxon=2827&nameid=6915 |work=Flora Zambesiaca |title=Parochetus africanus Polhill |author=R. K. Brummitt |author2=D. K. Harder |author3=G. P. Lewis|author4=J. M. Lock |author5=R. M. Polhill |author6=B. Verdcourt |last-author-amp=yes |year=2003 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |accessdate=November 12, 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3281 |title=Parochetus communis |publisher=NZ Plant Conservation Network |date=January 18, 2010 |accessdate=November 12, 2013}} 9. ^{{cite book |author=Francis Hamilton |author-link=Francis Buchanan-Hamilton |year=1825 |title=Prodromus Floræ Nepalensis, sive Enumeratio Vegetabilium, quæ in Itinere Nepaliam proprie dictam et Regiones Conterminas, ann. 1802–1803 |publisher=J. Gale |location=London |pages=240–241 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/1820#page/250/mode/1up}} 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |author1=L. B. Chaudhary |author2=M. Sanjappa |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1998 |title=Notes on the identity of Parochetus africanus Polhill (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae) |journal=Taiwania |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=316–319 |url=http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/pdf/tai.1998.43.4.316.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112192308/http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/pdf/tai.1998.43.4.316.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-11-12 |format=PDF }} 11. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author1=K. A. Beckett |author2=R. M. Polhill |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1991 |title=Parochetus africanus Leguminosae |journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=54–58 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.1991.tb00353.x}} 12. ^{{cite book |author=Ernest Small |year=2011 |title=Alfalfa and Relatives: Evolution and Classification of Medicago |publisher=NRC Research Press |isbn=9780660199795 |chapter=Circumscription of the genus Medicago and its classification in the Fabaceae |pages=71–93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9JhLKNINqaEC&pg=PA71}} 13. ^{{cite journal |author1=L. B. Chaudhary |author2=M. Sanjappa |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1998 |title=Parochetinae: a new subtribe of Trifolieae (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) |journal=Taxon |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=829–831 |jstor=1224187}} 14. ^{{cite book |author=Douglas Ellory Pett |year=2006 |title=The Cornwall Gardens Guide |publisher=Alison Hodge Publishers |isbn=9780906720486 |chapter=Lamorran House Gardens |pages=119–120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsMTpSqSxusC&pg=PA120}} External links
7 : Trifolieae|Monotypic Fabaceae genera|Flora of Africa|Flora of China|Flora of tropical Asia|Invasive plant species in New Zealand|Least concern plants |
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