“Parthenaise”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Parthenaise is a French cattle breed. It is named for the town of Parthenay in the département of Deux-Sèvres, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of western France. It was formerly a triple-purpose breed, raised for milk, meat and draught work, but is now raised mainly for beef.{{r|dad|marie|serge}}

History

The Parthenaise forms a part of the large population – sometimes called Poitevine or Vendéenne – of wheaten-coloured cattle which traditionally occupied the western part of France, from the Loire to the Gironde. It is closely related to the Maraîchine, the Nantaise and the extinct Marchoise and Berrichonne, all of which belong to the same group.{{r|cabi|page=267|idele}} Oxen of this type were used mainly for agricultural draught work in {{illm|Haut-Poitou|fr}}, in the Saintonge, in Touraine and in the Vendée. The cattle were sometimes called Gâtinaises or Boeufs de Gâtine, so named for the Gâtine Vendéenne. At the end of their working lives, these oxen were often sent to the area of Cholet to be fattened for slaughter; these were known as Choletaises.{{r|idele|brg}}

The name of the breed is due to {{illm|Eugène Gayot|fr}}, who in 1860 identified Parthenay, in the département of Deux-Sèvres, as the principal centre of production.{{r|idele}} In the second half of the nineteenth century many vineyards were destroyed by phylloxera and uprooted; the land was turned to pasture. A number of dairy co-operatives were formed, and the Parthenaise was used to produce a type of butter marketed as "Charente-Poitou", which quickly became well-known.{{r|idele}} By the late nineteenth century there were some 1.1 million head.{{r|cabi|page=267}}

A herd-book was established in 1893{{r|cabi|page=267}} or 1894{{r|idele}}. From that time the population began to decline. This was partly because of the mechanisation of agriculture, which reduced the need for draught cattle, and partly because of competition from specialised breeds which began to reach the area from other parts of France: the Maine-Anjou and later the Charolaise for beef, and the Normande and later the Friesian for milk. After the Second World War the Parthenaise was still well represented in the Vendée and the Gâtine, but was under threat, both from the difficulty of finding bulls that met the stringent regulations for registration for artificial insemination, and from reduction of herds by culling to eradicate bovine tuberculosis.{{r|idele}} By the 1960s it had become clear that the dual-purpose aim for the breed was no longer viable, and in 1971 the decision was taken to select for beef production only. Since that time the population has grown consistently: the number of breeding cows rose from 7 000 in 1990 to 33 000 in 2008.{{r|idele}} In 2014 the total breed population was reported at 43 187.{{r|dad}}

In 2000 it was decided that the criterion for distinguishing the modern Parthenaise from the more traditional Maraîchine – which also descends from the old Vendéenne grouping – would be the bulls used for reproduction: offspring of bulls born later than Joli-Coeur (born in 1974) would be considered Parthenaises, while offspring of older bulls, of which stocks of semen were still held, could be considered Maraîchines. A genetic study in 2004 found Joli-Coeur and all approved Parthenais bulls born after him to be homozygous for the mh double-muscling gene, while bulls used in Maraîchine breeding were heterozygous or homozygous recessive. The Maraîchine thus represents a traditional form of the Parthenaise.{{r|idele}}

The breed has been exported to the Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.{{r|dad2}}

Characteristics

The hair colour is golden brown, with lighter eyes, muzzle and legs while the nose, hooves, and tail are black. Horns are lyre-shaped.

Use

After a multi purpose history, they have been selectively bred as a pure beef breed since 1970,^[1] with a degree of double muscling, producing good tasting lean meat. Cows have enough milk to rear their calves.

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parthenaiscattle.org/parthenais_cattle_info.htm |publisher=USA breed society|title=Parthenais Cattle|deadurl=yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20000229112449/http://www.parthenaiscattle.org/parthenais_cattle_info.htm |archivedate=29 February 2000}}
2. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20090401132435/http://www.brg.prd.fr/brg/pages/rga/bovins/31 Étude de la race bovine: Parthenaise] (in French). Bureau des Ressources Génétiques. Archived 1 April 2009.
3. ^Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). [https://books.google.it/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding] (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. {{ISBN|9781780647944}}.
4. ^Breed data sheet: Parthenaise/France. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed December 2016.
5. ^Transboundary breed: Parthenais. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed December 2016.
6. ^Serge Chevallier (2002). [https://books.google.it/books?id=Baj7DtW5VWIC Harmonies pastorales: les bovins rustiques sauvegarde des terroirs] (in French). Paris: Éditions du Gerfaut. {{ISBN|9782914622103}}.
7. ^Laurent Avon (2009). La race bovine Parthenaise (in French). Institut de l'Elevage. Accessed December 2016.
8. ^Marie Dervillé, Stéphane Patin, Laurent Avon (2009). [https://books.google.it/books?id=aoOwsEdtaecC&pg=PA130 Races bovines de France: origine, standard, sélection] (in French). Paris: Éditions France Agricole. {{ISBN|9782855571515}}.