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词条 Pashtun diaspora
释义

  1. Native land

      Afghanistan    Pakistan    Notable people  

  2. India

      Pashto-speaking communities    Urdu and Hindi speaking communities    Notable Indian Pathans  

  3. Pashtuns in the Middle East

  4. Pashtuns in Europe

      United Kingdom  

  5. Pashtuns in other parts of the world

      United States    Canada    Australia    Bangladesh and Sri Lanka    Southeast Asia    East Asia    Guyana and Suriname    Latin America  

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Bibliography

{{distinguish|Afghan diaspora}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Pashtun diaspora
| population = Approx. 40-50 million (2018)[1]
| region1 = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| pop1 = 42,722,220 (2018)
| ref1 = [2]
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}}
| pop2 = 27,675,151(2018)
| ref2 = {{lower|[2]}}
| region3 = {{flagcountry|India}}
| pop3 = 3,200,000
| ref3 = {{lower|[3]}}
| region4 = {{flag|UAE}}
| pop4 = 478,315 (2018)
| ref4 = {{lower|[4]}}
| region5 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| pop5 = 138,554 (2010)
| ref5 = {{lower|[5]}}
| region6 = {{flag|Iran}}
| pop6 = 30,000 (1993)
| ref6 = {{lower|[6]}}
| region7 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| pop7 = 100,000 (2009)
| ref7 = {{lower|[7]}}
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Germany}}
| pop8 = 37,800 (2012)
| ref8 = {{lower|[8]}}
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop9 = 26,000 (2006)
| ref9 = {{lower|[9]}}
| region10 = {{flagcountry|Russia}}
| pop10 = 9,800 (2002)
| ref10 = {{lower|[10]}}
| region11 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| pop11 = 8,154 (2006)
| ref11 = {{lower|[11]}}
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
| pop12 = 5,500 (2008)
| ref12 =
| region13 = {{flag|Tajikistan}}
| pop13 = 4,000 (1970)
| ref13 = {{lower|[6]}}
| langs = Pashto
{{smaller|Urdu, Dari, Hindi and English as second languages}}
| rels = Islam (Sunni)
{{smaller|with small Shia minority}}|
}}

Pashtun diaspora refers to ethnic Pashtuns who live outside their traditional homeland of Pashtunistan, which is south of the Amu River in Afghanistan and west of the Indus River in Pakistan.[12] Pashtunistan is home to the majority of the Pashtun community. However, there are significant Pashtun diaspora communities in the Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan, in particular in the cities of Karachi and Lahore. A recent Pashtun diaspora has also developed in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, primarily in the United Arab Emirates. Smaller populations of Pashtuns are found in the European Union, North America, Australia and other parts of the world. They may also be found in Iran, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and Bahrain. In Northern India, there are communities of Indians who trace their origins to the traditional Pashtun homeland.

The Pashtun ethnic group are believed to have settled in the vast Pashtunistan region in the first millennium C.E.[13][14] According to Ethnologue, they currently number around 50 million,[1] but some sources give slightly lower or higher figures.[15][16][17] A large number of Pashtuns migrated and settled in the lands of Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire and other regional Muslim states in Indian subcontinent (modern Pakistan, India and Bangladesh some later migrated and settled in Nepal and Sri Lanka) over the centuries and their descendents assimilated with the Urdu speaking Muslims and they are known as Pathan.

Native land

Afghanistan

{{Further|Ethnic groups in Afghanistan|Afghan diaspora}}

The ethnonym Afghan has been historically used since the 3rd century AD to refer to the Pashtuns, and is now used to describe every citizen of Afghanistan. Pashtuns make up the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, comprising 42–60% [18][19] of the total Afghan population. Approximately 1.7 million Afghan refugees live in neighboring Pakistan. The majority of them are Pashtuns who were born in that country.[20]

The Pashtuns are scattered all over Afghanistan, they can be found in almost every province of the country.[21] Kandahar is the second largest city in Afghanistan and a stronghold of the Pashtun culture. The city of Lashkar Gah in the south, Farah in the west, Jalalabad in the east, and Kunduz in the north are other prominent cultural centres whose populations are predominantly Pashtun. Kabul and Ghazni each have at least 25% Pashtun while Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif each has at least 10%.[22]

Pakistan

{{Further|Ethnic groups in Pakistan|Pakistani diaspora}}{{See also|Pathans of Punjab|Pathans of Sindh|Pathans of Kashmir|Pashtuns in Balochistan}}

Pashtun tribes make up the second largest ethnic group in Pakistan and the largest Pashtun population in the world lives in Pakistan.[23][24] They form the majority ethnic group in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) areas, and northern Balochistan.

With as many as 7 million by some estimates, the city of Karachi in Sindh Province hosts the largest concentration of urban Pashtuns population in the world[25][26] Some important Pashtun cities of Pakistan include: Peshawar, Quetta, Zhob, Loralai, Killa Saifullah, Swat, Mardan, Charsada, Mingora, Bannu, Parachinar, and Swabi.

The following delineates the Pashtun population in the provinces of Pakistan:

ProvincePashtuns
Khyber Pakhtunkhwadate=March 2012}}
Federally Administered Tribal Areasdate=March 2012}}
Sindh}} Sindh10 million[25]
Balochistandate=March 2012}}
Punjab}} Punjabdate=March 2012}}
Azad Kashmirdate=March 2012}}
Islamabad Capital Territorydate=March 2012}}
Pakistan56.7[23][24]

Smaller Pashtun communities outside Khyber Pakhtunkhwa can be found in the districts of Attock and Mianwali in Punjab. These and other communities of Pashtun ancestry are often referred to as the Punjabi Pashtun. There are also large communities of Punjabi-Pashtuns Such as Niazi and others lives in Khanewal, Kasur, and other larger communities have settled around Multan which was formerly part of the Durrani Empire. Pathan community lives in different district of Azad Kashmir. Mainly they are being settled in districts of Poonch, Sudhnuti and Bagh. In Poonch and Sudhnuti they constitute more than 70% population of district. Kashmiri Pashtuns mainly consists of Sadozai tribe which are locally known as Sudhan. Approximate population of Sadozais in AJK is 1 million. Sadozai tribe has a strong hold in Rawalakot city in Azad Kashmir. Small no of other pashtun tribes in Kashmir which include Durrani, Tareen, Lodhi, Yousafzai Shinwary and Afridi tribes which extends from Azad Kashmir to India's Jammu & Kashmir. They speak local languages.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

In addition to this, some Urdu-speaking communities in Pakistan trace their ancestry to the ancient Pashtun regions of Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhawa.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} Some identify themselves as Bangash, Yousefzai, Ghouri and Durrani. Additionally, a significant number of descendants of Rohillas migrated to Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947. The Pashtuns make up 30% of the Muhajir community in Karachi.

Notable people

{{Main|List of Pashtuns}}

India

{{Pashtuns}}{{Further|Pathans of Kashmir|Rohilla|Pathans of Uttar Pradesh|Pathan of Bihar|Pathans of Gujarat|Pathans of Rajasthan|Pathans of Madhya Pradesh|Pathans of Tamil Nadu}}{{See also|Afghans in India}}India, as a British colony, once had a large Pashtun population roughly equal to that of Afghanistan, mostly concentrated in what were then the British Indian provinces of the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan. In Rohilkhand, they made large settlements subsequent to 14th century and prior to the 20th century. In fact, according to the 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, the number of Pashtuns in British India was nearly 31 million, but the speakers of Pashto numbered less than 14 million.[27] Most of this population was allotted, along with its respective provinces, to Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947. Today the Pashtuns in India can be divided into those who speak Pashto and those who speak Urdu/Hindi and other regional languages, the Urdu/Hindi speaking group being the biggest.[28] Khan Mohammad Atif, a professor at the University of Lucknow, estimates that "The population of Pathans in India is twice their population in Afghanistan".[29]

Pashto-speaking communities

There are a large number of Pashto-speaking Pakhtuns in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.[30] Although their exact numbers are hard to determine, it is at least in excess of 100,000 for it is known that in 1954 over 100,000 nomadic Pakhtuns living in Kashmir Valley were granted Indian

citizenship.[31] Today jirgas are frequently held.[32] Those settled and living in the Kashmir Valley speak Pashto, and are found chiefly in the southwest of the valley, where Pashtun colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting are the Kukikhel Afridis of Dramghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashto. They wear colorful dress and carry swords and shields. The Afridis and the Machipurians, who belong to the Yusufzai tribe, are liable to military service, in return for which they hold certain villages free of revenue. The Pashtuns chiefly came in under the Durranis, but many were brought by Maharajah Gulab Singh for service on the frontier.[33] Pashto is also spoken in two villages, Dhakki and Changnar (Chaknot), located on the Line of Control in Kupwara District.[34] In response to demand by the Pashtun community living in the state, Kashir TV has recently launched a series of Pushto-language programs.[35]

A further small, scattered Pashtun population still exists in some major cities of India with large Muslim populations, with the majority of Pashto-speaking individuals residing in the states of Delhi and Uttar Pradesh India; who also have adopted local languages of the respective areas they live in, as their second language.[36][37] These Pathans, numbering around 14,161,[38][39] have retained the use of the Pashto language and are still able to speak and understand it. This is partially because until recently, most of these Indian Pashtuns were able to travel to Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.[40]

A small Pashtun Hindu community, known as the Sheen Khalai meaning 'blue skinned' (referring to the color of Pashtun women's facial tattoos), migrated to Unniara, Rajasthan, India after partition.[47] Prior to 1947, the community resided in the Quetta, Loralai and Maikhter regions of the British Indian province of Baluchistan.[47] Today, they continue to speak Pashto and celebrate Pashtun culture through the Attan dance.[41]

Urdu and Hindi speaking communities

The larger number of people claiming Pashtun ancestry in India are Urdu speaking. Despite the loss of most of the Raj-era Pashtun population, India still has a community of Hindustani speakers who can trace some of their ancestry to ancient Pashtun settlers. They are often referred by the Hindustani pronunciation of the word Pashtun, "Pathan".

Major Indian Pathan tribes lived in the following areas. While many persons belonging to these tribes moved to the Afghan-Pakistan border, others chose to stay and thus, descendants of these tribes still reside in the parts of India listed below:[42]

  • Tareens or Tarins, properly, in Sarai Tareen, a small town in the city Sambhal of Uttar Pradesh
  • Kheshgis, Barakzais, Yousafzais and Momands in Khurja, a small town in District Bulandshahre, which lies in close proximity to New Delhi. Pathans in Khurja never marry outside their clan and this led to the preservation of their blue blood. Their alliance is with the Pathans of Bara-Basti (12 villages of pathans belonging to specific tribe in the district bulandshahre). Kheshgi are the most prominent tribe in this area and are only exclusive to Khurja only after KPK and Afghanistan.
  • Rohillas in the Rohilkhand region of Uttar Pradesh
  • Bangashes in Farrukhabad District in Uttar Pradesh and the towns of Kasganj and Kaimganj of Etah District
  • Dilazaks in Village Shahjahanpur in Meerat ghar road Uttar Pradesh, Dilazak in Andhra Pradesh, Bari in Rajistan, Jalandhar (Punjab), and Azeem Khail(Pathan Kot) Jammu and Kashmirl.
  • Marwats in Aurangabad in Maharashtra, Azamgarh in Uttar Pradesh and Bhopal
  • Yousafzais in Baroda in Gujarat, and Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh
  • Tonkia Pathan, a community mainly of Yousafzai descent found in Tonk, and other districts of Rajasthan
  • Sorgar community of Rajasthan also claims Pashtun ancestry.
  • Lodis and Suris of North India
  • Lodis, Yousafzai and Suris of Bihar
  • Pathans of Gujarat are a distinct
  • Pathan of bawani in western uttar Pradesh. They are mainly kakars . Someare living in villages like Butrara, Taprana, Basi and Balla Majra of Shamli District.

community within the larger community of the Pathans of India. They belonge mainly to the Babi (AKA Babai in Pakistan/Afghanistan), Lohani, Mandori, and Zadran tribes.

It is significant to note that a large part of above Pathan diaspora have naturalized themselves in the local culture over the centuries.

The term "Pathan" does not refer exclusively and specifically to these Indian Pashtun descendants. Historically the term was used mainly to refer to Pashtuns in general by mainstream Indians Muslims included.

Rampur has the largest number of Pathan population among the cities of India, Some of the well known Pashtun families of Rampur are the Nawab family of Rampur, individually the well known Pashtuns personalities are Late Manzoor Ali Khan Alias Shannu Khan, Late Akhtar Ali Khan, Late Fazlehaq Khan, Afroz Ali Khan, Babar Ali Khan, Zubair Khan Prince, Shahid Aijaz Khan, Faisal Khan lala, Dr.Tanveer Ahmad Khan,Jugnu Khan etc.

Notable Indian Pathans

Many Pashtuns worked in the Indian independence movement. While many supported the Muslim League's demand for Pakistan, some Pashtuns opposed it in favor of a united and secular India, especially members of the Indian National Congress. These included Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, his son Khan Wali Khan, Indian diplomat Mohammed Yunus, Pakistani opposition leader Mufti Mahmud and Balochistan-based Pashtun leader Abdul Samad Achakzai.

Also among the Pashtuns in India are students from Afghanistan who are in India to obtain a quality education, including President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai[43] and Kabuliwallah Pashtuns who are doing business in India.[44]

In addition, India has a large number of Hindu and Sikh refugees from Afghanistan who are fluent in Pashto, and Dari.[45]

Pashtuns in the Middle East

Hundreds of thousands of Pasthuns serving as migrant workers reside in the Middle East, particularly in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman and other Arab countries.[54] Many of them are involved in the transport business, while others are employees of construction companies.

Over 100,000 Pashtuns live in Iran as citizens of that country and a further sizable number live among the Afghan refugees. The Pashtuns there are mainly concentrated in the Afghan-Iran border, in the South Khorasan Province of Iran.[6]

About 300,000 Pashtuns migrated to the Persian Gulf countries between 1976 and 1981, representing 35% of Pakistani immigrants.[46]

Pashtuns in Europe

{{Further|Afghan diaspora|Pakistani diaspora}}

Many Pashtuns have migrated from their homeland in South/Central Asia to Europe.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

United Kingdom

{{Further|Afghans in the United Kingdom|British Indian|British Pakistani}}

The United Kingdom is home to some 100,000 Pashtuns,[47] making it one of the most populous overseas Pashtun communities in the world and the most populous one in the West. Pashtun diaspora in UK have made their presence felt through their restaurants with traditional names like Bab-eKhyber, Hujra, Kabuli pulao etc. and Music. Its one of the most vibrant Pashtun diaspora in the west.[48]

Pashtuns in other parts of the world

United States

{{Main|Pashtun American}}{{Further|Afghan American|Indian American|Pakistani American}}

Pashtuns have been present in California at least since agricultural labor was imported in the early 20th century. Since the late 1970s and onwards, Pashtuns began immigrating to the USA in large numbers and are well established there. Pashtuns in the United States are famous for running top Afghan cuisine restaurants[49][50][51] and as owners of the fast-food restaurant chain Kennedy Fried Chicken that is based in New York City.

Canada

{{Further|Afghan Canadian|Indo-Canadians|Pakistani Canadian}}

1,690 persons characterized their ethnicity as "Pashtun" in Canada's 2006 census.[52] However, in question 17 of Canada's Statcan census form[53] most Pashtuns don't put their ethnicity as Pashtuns but rather Afghan or Pakistani.

Pashtuns concentrate in regions with large Afghan and Pakistani communities. There are regions in southern Ontario with a large Pashtun diaspora of Pakistani nationality, living Afghan communities with Dari speakers instead of Pashto speakers, causing a large polarization of the word "Afghan", especially irridentist disputes claiming Pakistani Pashtun communities as Afghan nationals.

Australia

{{Further|Afghan (Australia)|Afghan Australians|Indian Australians|Pakistani Australians}}

In the latter part of the 19th century several thousand men from Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Kashmir, Sind, Rajasthan, Egypt, Persia, Turkey and Punjab, but collectively known as "Afghans", were recruited during the initial British development of the Australian Outback, especially for the operation of camel trains in desert areas.[54] These consisted of men who were not allowed to bring their families with them, many married local Aborigines and are now known as Ghans.[55] During the 1980s and 90s, Pashtuns began settling in Perth, Melbourne, Sydney and other major cities of Australia.

Bangladesh and Sri Lanka

{{Further|Pathans of Sri Lanka|Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh}}

Numerous Pashtun refugees from Pakistan resettled into East Pakistan (today known as Bangladesh) after the 1947 British Petition, with additional migrants moving in after the Bangladesh Liberation War as well, majority.[56] Other Pashtuns in Bangladesh are descendants of Pashtun emigrants who settled into Bangladesh during the Pathan rule of the Bengal Sultanate under the Karrani dynasty.[57] Additional Pashtun communities of South Asia are also the Pathans of Sri Lanka, who are believed to have origins from Pathans who settled in Batticaloa, initially arriving for trade.[58]

Southeast Asia

{{Further|Pakistanis in Thailand|Pakistanis in Malaysia|Malaysian Indians|Indians in Brunei|Indians in Thailand|Indian Singaporean|Indian Indonesian}}

Since the early 1900s there have been many generations of Pashtuns who migrated from Afghanistan, Pakistan and the tribal areas of Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Pashtun settlements in Thailand have been common throughout the provinces. There is even a Thai-Pashtun Friendship Association. The Pashtuns are fiercely independent, as a result they often are well treated and respected by the Thai locals. Countries like Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia also have similar cases of Pashtun settlements, which those who are of descent are quickly assimilated to the local Indian ethnic minority community while those recent migrants or settlers belong to the Pakistani diaspora, since most of the migrants came from Pakistan.

East Asia

There may be some Pashtun communities living in parts of China, Taiwan and Japan.

Guyana and Suriname

{{Main|Indo-Caribbean|Pakistanis in the Caribbean}}

Some people living in Guyana and Suriname claim to be of Afghan descent. Most of them moved to South American countries during the Indian immigration.[59]

Latin America

Many Pashtuns from Afghanistan came to Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Panama, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru as refugees during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1981 and during the internal Afghan conflicts in 1995–1996.

See also

  • Pathans of Punjab
  • Pathans of Rajasthan
  • Pashtun people
  • Pashtun tribes
  • Pashtun culture
  • Pashtunistan
  • Pakhtunkhwa
  • Rohilkhand
  • Rohilla

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbu|title=Pashto, Northern|work=SIL International|quote=Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries.|publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|date=June 2010|accessdate=2010-09-18}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2008/geos/af.html}}
3. ^{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Arshad |title=Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan's great granddaughter seeks citizenship for 'Phastoons' in India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-khan-abdul-gaffar-khan-s-great-granddaughter-seeks-citizenship-for-phastoons-in-india-2584887 |publisher=Daily News and Analysis |accessdate=21 February 2019 |language=English |date=15 February 2018|quote=Interacting with mediapersons on Wednesday, Yasmin, the president of All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind, said that there were 32 lakh Phastoons in the country who were living and working in India but were yet to get citizenship.}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/new-multimedia/pdf/wordat207.pdf|title=United Arab Emirates: Demography|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|work=Encyclopædia Britannica World Data|accessdate=15 March 2008}}
5. ^42% of [https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2001/09/20/kabul.htm 200,000] Afghan-Americans = 84,000 and 15% of 363,699 Pakistani-Americans = 54,554. Total Afghan and Pakistani Pashtuns in USA = 138,554.
6. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbt|title=Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Iran (1993)|publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|work=SIL International|accessdate=5 May 2012}}
7. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL861250|title=Support for Taliban dives among British Pashtuns|first=William|last=Maclean|publisher=Reuters|date=10 June 2009|accessdate=6 August 2009}}
8. ^Relations between Afghanistan and Germany: Germany is now home to almost 90,000 people of Afghan origin. 42% of 90,000 = 37,800
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |title=Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada |publisher=2.statcan.ca |year=2006|accessdate=17 April 2010}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/TOM_04_P1.doc|title=Perepis.ru|work=perepis2002.ru|language=ru}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=POLTD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true& |title=20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia |format=Microsoft Excel download |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |work=2006 Census |accessdate=2 June 2008}} Total responses: 25,451,383 for total count of persons: 19,855,288.
12. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445546/Pashtun |title=Pashtun |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=10 September 2010}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm |title=Afghan and Afghanistan |work=Abdul Hai Habibi|publisher=alamahabibi.com|year=1969|accessdate=24 October 2010}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=10|title=History of the Mohamedan Power in India|author=Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (Firishta)|publisher=Packard Humanities Institute|work=Persian Literature in Translation|accessdate=10 January 2007}}
15. ^{{Cite book|title=A Grammar of Pashto a Descriptive Study of the Dialect of Kandahar, Afghanistan|last1=Penzl |first1=Herbert |authorlink=|first2=Ismail|last2=Sloan|volume=|year=2009|publisher=Ishi Press International|location=|isbn=0-923891-72-2|pages=210|quote=Estimates of the number of Pashto speakers range from 40 million to 60 million...|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zvRePgAACAAJ|accessdate=2010-10-25}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/pashto.htm |title=Pashto |quote=The exact number of Pashto speakers is not known for sure, but most estimates range from 45 million to 55 million.|publisher=Omniglot.com|accessdate=2010-10-25}}
17. ^{{Cite book|title=Countries of the World & Their Leaders Yearbook 08|last1=Thomson |first1=Gale |authorlink=|volume=2|year=2007|publisher=Indo-European Association|location=European Union|isbn=0-7876-8108-3|page=84|url=https://books.google.com/?id=A6vQ-x7V-bYC|accessdate=2010-10-25}}
18. ^{{cite web |author=|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af®ionCode=sas&#af|title=Afghan Population: 31,108,077 (July 2013 est.) [Pashtun = 42%]|publisher=The World Factbook|work=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|accessdate=7 June 2013}}
19. ^See* {{cite web|author=|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2001/war_on_terror/key_maps/ethnic_pashtun.stm|title=Ethnic groups|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=7 June 2013|quote=Pashtun: Estimated to comprise more than 45% of the population, the Pashtuns have been the dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan.}}* {{cite book|title=The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America|last1=Janda|first1=Kenneth|authorlink=|first2=Jeffrey M.|last2=Berry|first3=Jerry|last3=Goldman|volume=|edition=9|year=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|location=|isbn=0-618-81017-X|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WlzlY9dv74C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-08-22}}* {{cite web|title=Afghanistan's complex ethnic patchwork|url=http://old.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=237210|publisher=Tehran Times|work=The Asian Wall Street Journal|date=10 March 2011|accessdate=20 April 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120225356/http://old.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=237210|archivedate=20 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}* {{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/South-Asia/Pathans.html|title=Pathans|publisher=Faqs.org|year=2003|accessdate=2010-09-20}}* {{cite web|url=http://www.afghanistans.com/Information/defaulf.htm|title=About Afghanistan – Ethnic Divisions|publisher=|year=|accessdate=2010-09-24|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917064432/http://afghanistans.com/Information/defaulf.htm|archivedate=17 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}* {{cite book|title=Aiding Afghanistan: the background and prospects for reconstruction in a fragmented society|last1=Christensen|first1=Asger|authorlink=|volume=|edition=|year=1995|publisher=NIAS Press|location=|isbn=87-87062-44-5|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LKS93lbSM0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-09-24}}* {{cite book|title=Congressional Record|last1=|first1=|authorlink=|volume=|edition=|year=|publisher=Government Printing Office|location=|isbn=|page=10088|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qImZpu07_UEC&lpg=PA9979&pg=PA10088#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-09-24}}* {{cite book|title=Asian Security to the Year 2000|last1=Taylor|first1=William J. Jr.|authorlink=|first2=Abraham|last2=Kim|volume=|edition=|year=2000|publisher=DIANE Publishing|location=|isbn=1-4289-1368-8|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peTWtThUljQC&lpg=PR1&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-09-24}}* {{cite book|title=Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world|last1=Brown|first1=Keith|authorlink=|first2=Sarah|last2=Ogilvie|volume=|edition=|year=2009|publisher=Elsevie|quote=Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population.|location=|isbn=0-08-087774-5|page=845|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA845#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-09-24}}* {{cite book|title=11 September 2001: feminist perspectives|last1=Hawthorne|first1=Susan|authorlink=|first2=Bronwyn|last2=Winter|volume=|edition=|year=2002|publisher=Spinifex Press|quote=Over 60 percent of the population in Afghanistan is Pashtun...|location=|isbn=1-876756-27-6|page=225|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwbfD_irV_AC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA225#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-09-24}}* {{cite web|url=http://www.hewad.com/ethnic.htm|title=The ethnic composition of afghanistan in different sources|accessdate=22 April 2012}}
20. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=94962|title=PAKISTAN: Tolerance wanes as perceptions of Afghan refugees change|date=27 February 2012|publisher=Irin|accessdate=3 March 2012}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=154&Itemid=107 |title=District Development Plans (DDP) |publisher=Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development |work=Government of Afghanistan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)|accessdate=2012-11-28}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature2/images/mp_download.2.pdf |title=Ethnic map of Afghanistan|format=PDF|publisher=National Geographic Society|work=Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor|year=2003|accessdate=24 October 2010}}
23. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#pk|title=Pakistan population: 187,342,721 [Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%]|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|year=2012|accessdate=2012-02-10}}
24. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Programs/FP/pakistan%20index/index.pdf|title=Pakistan Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security|work=Brookings Institution|page=13|date=29 December 2011|accessdate=25 January 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327044026/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Programs/FP/pakistan%20index/index.pdf|archivedate=27 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}
25. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/karachis_invisi.html|title=Pakistan: Karachi's Invisible Enemy City potent refuge for Taliban fighters|publisher=PBS|first=Sharmeen |last=Obaid-Chinoy |date=17 July 2009 |accessdate=20 September 2010}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090825/FOREIGN/708249931|title=In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder|publisher=The National|date=24 August 2009|accessdate=2010-08-24|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116211443/http://www.thenational.ae/|archivedate=16 January 2010|df=dmy-all}}
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33. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.opf.org.pk/almanac/P/people.htm|title=Saiyids, Mughals, Pashtuns and Galawans|publisher=OPF|accessdate=2007-06-07 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070515140617/http://www.opf.org.pk/almanac/P/people.htm |archivedate = 15 May 2007}}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sil.org/silewp/2005/silewp2005-008.pdf|title=A First Look at the Language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir|publisher=SIL International|accessdate=2009-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215142612/http://www.sil.org/silewp/2005/silewp2005-008.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2010|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
35. ^http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001207/j&k.htm
36. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.isamasih-lucknow.org/3.html|title=Pathan|publisher=Isa-Masih in Lucknow|accessdate=2007-02-17|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613024309/http://www.isamasih-lucknow.org/3.html|archivedate=13 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}
37. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.4dw.net/royalark/India/rampur.htm|title=Rampur|publisher=Christopher Buyers|accessdate=2007-06-07}}
38. ^{{Cite web|url=http://crulp.org/Publication%5CCrulp_report%5CCR03_15E.pdf|format=PDF|title=Phonemic Inventory of Pashto|publisher=CRULP|accessdate=2007-06-07|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070723120307/http://crulp.org/Publication/Crulp_report/CR03_15E.pdf|archivedate=23 July 2007|df=dmy-all}}
39. ^Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001, Census of India (retrieved 17 March 2008)
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41. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tattooed-blue-skinned-hindu-pushtuns-look-back-at-their-roots/article22645932.ece|title=Tattooed ‘blue-skinned’ Hindu Pushtuns look back at their roots|last=Haider|first=Suhasini|date=3 February 2018|publisher=The Hindu|language=English|accessdate=24 March 2018}}
42. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.khyber.org/publications/pdf/pashtolangformation.pdf|title=Pashto Language & Identity Formation|publisher=Contemporary South Asia, July 1995, Vol 4, Issue 2, p151,20 (Khyber)|accessdate=2007-06-07}}
43. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/afghan-students-have-special-attraction-towards-himachal-university_10014934.html|title=Afghan students have special attraction towards Himachal University|publisher=Indians in Thailand|accessdate=2007-06-07}}
44. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/10/24/stories/2005102401040200.htm|title=The Kabuliwallahs of Ballimaran|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=2007-06-07|location=Chennai, India|date=24 October 2005}}
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48. ^"The Other Languages of England", British Journal of Educational Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3 (October 1986), pp. 288–289.
49. ^Helmand – Baltimore, Maryland
50. ^Helmand – San Francisco, California
51. ^Helmand – Cambridge, Massachusetts
52. ^2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations
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58. ^{{cite book |last1=Essed |first1=Philomena |last2=Frerks |first2=Georg |last3=Schrijvers |first3=Joke |title=Refugees and the Transformation of Societies: Agency, Policies, Ethics, and Politics |date=2004 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9781571818669 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ixn_D2mhxyAC&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=false |language=en}}
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{{Overseas Asians}}{{Pashtun Diaspora}}{{overseas Pakistani}}{{Pakistani diaspora}}{{Afghan diaspora}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Pashtun Diaspora}}

3 : Pashtun people|Pakistani diaspora|Pashtun diaspora
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