“Passaddhi”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In Buddhism, passaddhi refers to tranquillity of the body, speech, thoughts and consciousness on the path to enlightenment. As part of cultivated mental factors, passaddhi is preceded by rapture (pīti) and precedes concentration (samādhi).

Passaddhi is identified as a wholesome factor in the following canonical contexts:

Canonical references

In various Buddhist canonical schema, the calming of the body, speech and various mental factors is associated with gladness (pāmojja, pāmujja), rapture (pīti), and pleasure ({{IAST|sukhaṃ}}) and leads to the concentration needed for release from suffering.

Meditative calming

Calming ({{IAST|passambhayaṃ}}) bodily and mental formations is the culmination of each of the first two tetrads of meditation instructions in the Pali Canon's famed Anapanasati Sutta:

Sati, pāmojja, pīti, passaddhi, sukho

A number of discourses identify the concurrent arising of the following wholesome mental states with the development of mindfulness (sati) and the onset of the first jhana:

By establishing mindfulness, one overcomes the Five Hindrances (pañca nīvaraṇi), gives rise to gladness, rapture, pleasure and tranquillizes the body (kāyo passambhati); such bodily tranquillity (passaddhakāyo) leads to higher states of concentration (samādhi) as indicated in this Pali-recorded discourse ascribed to the Buddha:

Alternately, with right effort and sense-restraint, paññā ("wisdom," "discernment") is fully realized, and the jhana-factors arise:

Enlightenment factor

Passaddhi is the fifth of seven factors of enlightenment (sambojjhanga) that lead to deliverance from suffering. Among the factors of enlightenment, serenity (passadhi) is preceded by rapture (pīti) and leads to concentration (samādhi) as further described by the Buddha in the Anapanasati Sutta:

Jhanic attainment

In describing one's progressive steps through the absorptions (jhanani), the Buddha identifies six sequential "calmings" (passaddhis):

Arahantship condition

Passaddhi is a "supporting condition" for the "destruction of the cankers" (āsava-khaye), that is, the achievement of Arahantship. More specifically, in describing a set of supporting conditions that move one from samsaric suffering (see Dependent Origination) to destruction of the cankers, the Buddha describes the following progression of conditions:

In the Pali literature, this sequence that enables one to transcend worldly suffering is referred to as the "transcendental dependent arising" (lokuttara-paticcasamuppada).^[12]

Abhidhammic wholesome state

In the Abhidhamma Pitaka's Dhammasangani, the first chapter identifies 56 states of material-world consciousness that are wholesome, including "lightness of sense and thought," upon which the text elaborates:

Post-canonical Pali texts

Passaddhi is referenced in the Visuddhimagga and other Pali commentarial (atthakatha) texts.

Tranquillity's nutriments

In the Visuddhimagga, the enlightenment factors (bojjhangas) are discussed in the context of skills for developing absorption (jhāna).^[14] In particular, the Visuddhimagga recommends that in order to develop the skill of "restrain[ing] the mind on an occasion when it should be restrained" (such as when it is "agitated through over-energeticness, etc."), one should develop tranquillity (passaddhi), concentration (samādhi) and equanimity (upekkhā).^[15] Towards this end, the Visuddhimagga identifies seven things from which bodily and mental tranquillity arise:

See also

Notes

1. ^Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 447, entry for "Passaddhi" (retrieved 9 Jul 2007).
2. ^For instance, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 447, entries for "Passaddhi" (retrieved 9 Jul 2007) and "Passambhati" (retrieved 14 Jul 2007) etymologically derive both words from "pa+{{IAST|śrambh}}." The past participle of passambhati is passaddha and the present participle is {{IAST|passambhayaṃ}}.
3. ^The Anapanasati Sutta (MN 118) in English (Thanissaro, 2006).
4. ^The Anapanasati Sutta (MN 118) in Pali (SLTP, n.d.-a).
5. ^The Samaññaphala Sutta (DN 2) in English (Thanissaro, 1997). The same verse is in the Potthapada Sutta (DN 9) (Thanissaro, 2003).
6. ^{{IAST|Sāmaññaphalasuttaṃ}} (DN 2) in Pali (SLTP, n.d.-c), para. 61; and, {{IAST|Poṭṭhapādasuttaṃ}} (DN 9) in Pali (SLTP, n.d.-b), para. 33.
7. ^The Potthapada Sutta (DN 9) (Thanissaro, 2003).
8. ^{{IAST|Poṭṭhapādasuttaṃ}} (DN 9) in Pali (SLTP, n.d.-b), para. 33.
9. ^MN 118 (Thanissaro, 2006).
10. ^SN 36.11 (Thanissaro, 1998; Nyanaponika, 1983); and, similarly, AN 9.6.7, entitled "Passaddhisuttaṃ – Tranquillity [Sutta]" (Upalavanna, n.d.).In regards to the absence of the immaterial jhanas from this sequence, Nyanaponika (1983), n. 5, states: :"In the section on 'being quietened' (patipassaddha), the four immaterial absorptions (arupajjhana) are not mentioned. According to [Commentary] they are implied in the 'cessation of perception and feelings' (for the attainment of which they are a condition)."
11. ^SN 12.23 (Bodhi, 1980, 1995).
12. ^Bodhi (1980, 1995) states that the paracanonical Nettipakarana provides this label for SN 12.23's secondary sequence.
13. ^Rhys Davids (1900), pp. 1-4 (consciousness states xxxix and xl), 23, verses 40 and 41. Based on the second paragraph of this excerpt and the third excerpted paragraph's use of the word citta, it is evident that Rhys Davids uses the word "intellect" here for what is traditionally referred to in the khandha model as viññana.
14. ^Buddhaghosa & {{IAST|Ñāṇamoli}} (1999), IV:42-66, pp. 127-134.
15. ^Buddhaghosa & {{IAST|Ñāṇamoli}} (1999), p. 131.
16. ^Buddhaghosa & {{IAST|Ñāṇamoli}} (1999), p. 132 (square brackets included in original text). According to Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), op. cit., similar information is found in the Vibhanga-Atthakatha 282.