| 词条 | Passchendaele Memorial |
| 释义 |
|name=Passchendaele Memorial |body=Canada |image= |caption=the Canadian Passchendaele Memorial |commemorates=the Canadian Corps actions in the First World War during the Second Battle of Passchendaele in their taking and holding of Passchendaele village. |coordinates={{coord|50|53|52|N|3|0|48|E|type:landmark_region:BE|display=inline,title}} |designer= |nearest_town=Passendale, Belgium on the site of the Crest Farm |inscription=The Memorial's inscription reads: THE CANADIAN CORPS IN OCT.- NOV. 1917 ADVANCED ACROSS THIS VALLEY - THEN A TREACHEROUS MORASS - CAPTURED AND HELD THE PASSCHENDAELE RIDGE |unveiled= }}The Passchendaele Memorial is a Canadian war memorial that commemorates the actions of the Canadian Corps in the Second Battle of Passchendaele of World War I. The memorial is located on the former site of Crest Farm, an objective captured by the 4th Canadian Division during the assault of 30 October 1917.[1] The battleThe Second Battle of Passchendaele was the culminating and final attack of the Third Battle of Ypres during World War I. The battle took place in the Ypres Salient area of the Western Front, in and around the Belgian town of Passchendaele, between 26 October 1917 and 10 November 1917. The Canadian Corps was tasked with relieving the exhausted II Anzac Corps, continuing the advance started with the First Battle of Passchendaele and ultimately capturing the town of Passchendaele itself.[2] In the low ground west of the Passchendaele Ridge three months of constant shelling had blocked the watercourses that normally provided drainage. When rain began falling, the battlefield was transformed into a quagmire of mud making movement extremely difficult.[3] The mud was to become one of the defining features of the battle for soldiers on both sides, and did a great deal to hamper offensive operations. The Canadian Corps operation was executed in series of three attacks each with limited objectives, delivered at intervals of three or more days. The execution dates of the phases were tentatively given as 26 October, 30 October and 6 November, with a smaller action later executed on 10 November.[4] The attack was successful in capturing the German-held high ground along the Passchendaele-Westrozebeke ridge but the campaign was forced to end just short of Westrozebeke itself.[5] The Second Battle of Passchendaele cost the Canadian Corps 15 654 casualties with over 4 000 dead, in 16 days of fighting. Nine Victoria Crosses, the highest military decoration for valour awarded to British and Commonwealth forces, were awarded to Canadians for actions during the battle. MonumentSelectionAt the end of the war, The Imperial War Graves Commission granted Canada eight sites - five in France and three in Belgium - on which to erect memorials. Each site represented a significant Canadian engagement in the war and for this reason it was originally decided that each battlefield would be treated equally and graced with identical monuments.[6] The Canadian Battlefields Memorials Commission was formed in November 1920 and decided a competition would be held to select the design of the memorial that would be used at the eight European sites.[7] In October 1922, the submission of Toronto sculptor and designer Walter Seymour Allward was selected as the winner of the competition, and the submission of Frederick Chapman Clemesha placed second. The commission decided Allward's monumental design would be used at Vimy Ridge in France as it was the most dramatic location.[8] Originally, Clemesha's 'Brooding Soldier' design was selected for the remaining sites but was later, for a number of reasons, erected only at St. Julien in Belgium. The remaining six sites at Passchendaele, and Hill 62 in Belgium and Le Quesnel, Dury, Courcelette and Bourlon Wood in France each received an essentially identical Canadian granite block memorial marker, differentiated only with brief inscriptions that describe the battle they commemorate in English and French on their sides. The blocks are situated in small parks that vary in shape and design and are typically situated on key points of the battlefield they memorialize. Location & DesignThe Passchendaele Memorial sits at the site of 'Crest Farm' which was the location of some of the most stubborn German resistance the Canadians faced at Passchendaele, and indeed, in their Great War experience.[9] The Memorial park is a small keyhole shaped area located on the aptly named 'Canadalaan' on the southwest fringe of Passendale village. Fittingly, maple trees and a hedge of holly line the edges of the park and well kept lawns and stone pathways surround the low circular flagstone terrace that the granite memorial block rests on. From the centre of the memorial grounds one can look up the Canadalaan to see the rebuilt church of Passendale and in the opposite direction, down a long avenue of trees, the rebuilt spires of Ypres.[10] Notes{{Commons category|Crest Farm|Passchendaele Memorial}}1. ^Nicholson p. 321 2. ^Bean 929 3. ^Nicholson p. 311 4. ^Nicholson 314 5. ^Bean p. 936 6. ^{{cite book| title= Canada and the Great War: Western Front Association Papers |last=Busch |first=Briton Cooper |year=2003| publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |location=Montreal |isbn=0-7735-2570-X}} 205 7. ^{{cite web | title = Design Competition | publisher = Veteran Affairs Canada | date = 2007-03-25 | url = http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=memorials/ww1mem/vimy/sg/01_artwork/04_competition | accessdate = 2008-01-12 }} 8. ^{{cite book| title= Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning, and the First World War |last=Vance |first=Jonathan Franklin |year=1997| publisher=UBC Press |location=Vancouver |isbn=0-7748-0600-1}} 66–69 9. ^{{cite web | title = Passchendaele Memorial | publisher = Veteran Affairs Canada | date = 2007-03-25 | url = http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/overseas/first-world-war/belgium/Passchen | accessdate = 2015-09-08 }} 10. ^{{cite book| contribution=Monuments of the First and Second World Wars| contribution-url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/monuments-of-the-first-and-second-world-wars| author=Jacqueline Hucker| title=The Canadian Encyclopedia| publisher=Historica Foundation| year=2012| accessdate=2012-07-26}} References{{refbegin}}
See also{{Portal|Canadian Armed Forces}}
External links
5 : Canadian military memorials and cemeteries|World War I memorials in Belgium|Military history of Canada|Canada in World War I|Battle of Passchendaele |
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