“Passengers of the RMS Titanic”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A total of 2,208 people sailed on the maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic, the second of the White Star Line's Olympic-class ocean liners, from Southampton, England, to New York City.^[1] Partway through the voyage, the ship struck an iceberg and sank in the early morning of 15 April 1912, resulting in the deaths of over 1,500 people,^[2] including about 815 of the passengers.^[3]

The Titanic{{'}}s passengers were divided into three separate classes, determined not only by the price of their ticket, but also by wealth and social class{{Not in citation given|date=November 2018}}: those travelling in first class, most of them the wealthiest passengers on board, included prominent members of the upper class, businessmen, politicians, high-ranking military personnel, industrialists, bankers, entertainers, socialites, and professional athletes. Second-class passengers were middle-class travellers and included professors, authors, clergymen, and tourists. Third-class or steerage passengers were primarily emigrants moving to the United States and Canada.^[4]

Passengers

First class

The Titanic{{'s}} first-class list was a "who's who" of the rich and prominent of the upper class in 1912. A single-person berth in first class cost between £30 ({{Inflation|UK|30|1912|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-2}}) and £870 ({{Inflation|UK|870|1912|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-3}}) for a parlour suite and small private promenade deck.^[7]^[8] First-class passengers enjoyed a number of amenities, including a gymnasium, a squash court, a saltwater swimming pool, electric and Turkish baths, a barbershop, kennels for first-class dogs, elevators, and both open and enclosed promenades.^[9] First-class passengers also traveled accompanied by personal staff—valets, maids, nurses and governesses for the children, chauffeurs, and cooks.^[10]

Members of the British aristocracy made the trip: The Countess of Rothes, wife of the 19th Earl of Rothes, embarked at Southampton with her parents, Thomas and Clementina Dyer-Edwardes, and cousin Gladys Cherry. Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon, 5th Baronet of Halkin, and his wife, Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon were on board, as well. Sir Cosmo was a wealthy Scottish landowner and Olympic fencing medalist, while Lady Duff-Gordon, known professionally as Lucile, was a leading fashion designer, who served a wealthy and exclusive clientele including the British royal family. Colonel Archibald Gracie IV, a real estate investor and member of the wealthy Scottish-American Gracie family, embarked at Southampton. The Cavendishes of London were among other prominent British couples on board, as well. Lord Pirrie, chairman of Harland and Wolff, intended to travel aboard the Titanic, but illness prevented him from joining the ill-fated voyage; however, White Star Line's managing director J. Bruce Ismay and the ship's Harland and Wolff designer, Thomas Andrews, were both on board to oversee the ship's progress on her maiden voyage.^[10]

Some of the most prominent members of the American social elite made the trip: real estate builder, businessman, and multimillionaire Colonel John Jacob Astor IV and his 18-year-old pregnant wife Madeleine were returning to the United States for their child's birth. Astor was the wealthiest passenger aboard the ship and one of the richest men in the world; his great-grandfather John Jacob Astor was the first multimillionaire in America. Among others were industrialist magnate and millionaire Benjamin Guggenheim; Macy's department store owner and former member of the United States House of Representatives,^[11] Isidor Straus and his wife Ida; George Dennick Wick, founder and president of Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company; millionaire streetcar magnate George Dunton Widener; vice president of Pennsylvania Railroad, John Thayer and his wife Marian; Charles Hays, president of Canada's Grand Trunk Railway; William Ernest Carter and his wife, American socialite Lucile Carter; millionaire, philanthropist and women's rights activist Margaret Brown; tennis star and banker Karl Behr; famous American silent film actress Dorothy Gibson; prominent Buffalo architect Edward Austin Kent; and President William Howard Taft's military aide, Major Archibald Butt, who was returning to resume his duties after a six-week trip to Europe. Swedish first class passenger and businessman Mauritz Håkan Björnström-Steffansson, owned the most highly valued single object on board; a masterpiece of French neoclassical painting entitled La Circassienne au Bain, for which he would later claim US$100,000 in compensation (equivalent to US${{Inflation|US|0.1|1913|r=1}} million in {{Inflation-year|US}}).^[12]

White Star financier J. P. Morgan and Milton S. Hershey, founder of Hershey's chocolate,^[13] made plans to sail aboard the ship's maiden voyage, but cancelled their bookings before the ship set sail.^[14]

Second class

Second-class passengers were leisure tourists, academics, members of the clergy, and middle-class English and American families. The ship's musicians travelled in second-class accommodations; they were not counted as members of the crew, but were employed by an agency under contract to the White Star Line. The average ticket price for an adult second-class passenger was £13, the equivalent of £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|13|1912|2013}}}} today.^[15] and for many of these passengers, their travel experience on the Titanic was akin to travelling first class on smaller liners. Second-class passengers had their own library and the men had access to a private smoking room. Second-class children could read the children's books provided in the library or play deck quoits and shuffleboard on the second-class promenade.^[9] Twelve-year-old Ruth Becker passed the time by pushing her two-year-old brother Richard around the enclosed promenade in a stroller provided by the White Star Line.^[16]

Two Roman Catholic priests on board, Father Thomas Byles and Father Joseph Peruschitz, celebrated mass every day for second- and third-class passengers during the voyage. Father Byles gave his homilies in English, Irish, and French and Father Peruschitz gave his in German and Hungarian.^[17]^[18]

On the ship, a Lithuanian priest, Father Juozas Montvila, also perished during the sinking.^[19]

Schoolteacher Lawrence Beesley, a science master at Dulwich College, spent much of his time aboard the ship in the library. Two months after the sinking, he wrote and published The Loss of the SS Titanic, the first eyewitness account of the disaster.^[21]

The Laroche family, father Joseph and daughters Simonne and Louise, were the only known passengers of black ancestry on board the ship. They, along with Joseph's pregnant wife Juliette, were travelling to Joseph's native island of Haiti. Joseph hoped that a move from their former home in Paris back to Haiti, where his uncle Cincinnatus Leconte was president, would take his family away from racial discrimination.^[22]

Another French family travelling in second class was the Navratils, travelling under the assumed name Hoffman. Michel Navratil, a Slovak-born French tailor, had kidnapped his two young sons, Michel Jr. and Edmond from his estranged wife, assumed the name Louis M. Hoffman, and boarded the ship in Southampton, intent on taking his children to the United States. Michel Sr. died in the sinking and photographs of the boys were circulated throughout the world in the hopes that their mother or another relative could identify the French toddlers, who became known as the "Titanic Orphans".

Third class

The third-class passengers or steerage passengers left hoping to start new lives in the United States and Canada. Third-class passengers paid £7 (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|7|1912}}}} today) for their ticket, depending on their place of origin; ticket prices often included the price of rail travel to the three departure ports. Tickets for children cost £3 (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|3|1912}}}} today).^[8]

Third-class passengers were a diverse group of nationalities and ethnic groups. In addition to large numbers of British, Irish, and Scandinavian immigrants, other passengers were from Central and Eastern Europe, the Levant (primarily Syria), and Hong Kong.^[26] Some travelled alone or in small family groups. Several groups of mothers were travelling alone with their young children—most going to join their husbands, who had already gone to America to find jobs, and having saved enough money, could now send for their families.^[10]

Among the larger third-class families were John and Annie Sage, who were immigrating to Jacksonville, Florida, with their 9 children, ranging in age from 4 to 20 years; Anders and Alfrida Andersson of Sweden and their five children, who were travelling to Canada along with Alfrida's younger sister Anna, husband Ernst, and baby Gilbert; and Frederick and Augusta Goodwin, who were moving with their six children to his new job at a power plant in New York. In 2007, scientists using DNA analysis identified the body of a small, fair-haired toddler, one of the first victims to be recovered by the CS Mackay Bennett, as Frederick's youngest child, 19-month-old Sidney.^[27] The Sages, Anderssons and Goodwins all perished in the sinking.

The youngest passenger on board the ship, 2-month-old Millvina Dean, who with her parents Bertram Sr. and Eva Dean and older brother Bertram, were emigrating from England to Kansas, died in 2009. She was the last survivor of the Titanic disaster to die.^[28]

To compete with rival shipping company Cunard, the White Star Line offered their steerage passengers modest luxuries, in the hopes that emigrants would write to relatives back home and encourage them to travel on White Star Line ships. Third-class passengers had their own dining facilities, with chairs instead of benches, and meals prepared by the third-class kitchen staff. On other liners, the steerage-passengers would have been expected to bring their own food.^[29] Rather than dormitory-style sleeping areas, third-class passengers had their own cabins. The single men and women were separated, women in the stern in two to six berth cabins, men in the bow in up to 10 berth cabins, often shared with strangers. Each stateroom was fitted with wood panelling and beds with mattresses, blankets, pillows, electric lights, heat, and a washbasin with running water, except for the bow cabins, which did not have a private washbasin. Two public bathtubs were also provided, one for the men, the other for women.^[30]

Passengers gathered in the third-class common room, where they could play chess or cards, or walk along the poop deck. Third-class children played in the common room or explored the ship. Nine-year-old Frank Goldsmith recalled peering into the engine room and climbing up the baggage cranes on the poop deck.^[31]

Ship's regulations were designed to keep third-class passengers confined to their area of the ship. The Titanic was fitted with grilles to prevent the classes from mingling and these gates were normally kept closed, although the stewards could open them in the event of an emergency. In the rush following the collision, the stewards, occupied with waking up sleeping passengers and leading groups of women and children to the boat deck, did not have time to open all the gates, leaving many of the confused third-class passengers stuck below decks.^[32]

Ticket-holders who did not sail

Numerous notable and prominent people of the era, who held tickets for the westbound passage or were guests of those who held tickets, did not sail. Others were waiting in New York to board for the passage back to Plymouth, England, on the second leg of Titanic{{'}}s maiden voyage. Many unused tickets that survived, whether they were for the westbound passage or the return eastbound passage, have become quite valuable as Titanic-related artifacts. Those who held tickets for a passage, but did not actually sail, include Theodore Dreiser, Henry Clay Frick, Milton S. Hershey, Guglielmo Marconi, John Pierpont Morgan, John Mott, and Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt (who died in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania).^[14]

Passengers by ethnicity

Levantine passengers

Several passengers on the Titanic had Levantine origins. At the time, many carried identification from the Ottoman Empire that stated they were from Greater Syria, which included what is today Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.^[10]

According to Bakhos Assaf, mayor of Hardin, Lebanon, 93 passengers originated from what is today Lebanon, with 20 of them from Hardin, the highest number of any Lebanese location. Of the Hardin passengers, 11 adult men died, while eight women and children and one adult man survived.^[33] Kamal Seikaly, an individual quoted in an article from the Lebanese publication The Daily Star, stated that according to a May 16, 1912, issue of the Al-Khawater magazine stored in the American University of Beirut, of the 125 Lebanese aboard, 23 survived. The magazine states that 10 people from Kfar Meshki died on the Titanic.^[34] According to author Judith Geller, "officially were 154 Syrians on board the Titanic and 29 were saved: four men, five children, and 20 women".^[41]^[10]

In 1997, Ray Hanania, a Palestinian American journalist, watched the Titanic (1997) film and noticed some background characters saying yalla, meaning "hurry" in Arabic. This prompted him to research the issue and he discovered that Arab passengers were on board.^[35] In 1998, he wrote a column about the Arabs on the RMS Titanic, "Titanic: We Share the Pain But Not the Glory." According to Hanania's analysis, 79 Arab passengers were on board the ship, though the task to "identify precisely" which passengers were Arab is difficult.^[35] Hanania stated that many were Christians because church sponsorship made getting passage easier for Christians opposed to Muslims.^[35] An in-depth study was made by Leila Salloum Elias about the lives of Syrian, as well as Armenian passengers aboard the ship, using volumes of research taken from Arabic newspapers contemporary to the sinking to clarify the names and circumstances of many Levantine passengers^[36]

Chinese passengers

Eight passengers are listed on the passenger list with a home country of China, from the hometown of Hong Kong, with a destination of New York. Six of these persons survived the disaster. They were not permitted to enter the United States due to the Chinese Exclusion Act. ^[37]

Survivors and victims

On the night of 14 April 1912, around 11:40 pm, while the RMS Titanic was sailing about {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, the ship struck an iceberg and began to sink. Shortly before midnight, Captain Edward Smith ordered the ship's lifeboats to be readied and a distress call was sent out. The closest ship to respond was Cunard Line's {{RMS|Carpathia||2}} {{convert|58|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} away, which would arrive in an estimated 4 hours—too late to rescue all of Titanic{{'s}} passengers. Forty-five minutes after the ship hit the iceberg, Captain Smith ordered the lifeboats to be loaded and lowered under the orders women and children first.{{cn|date=November 2018}}

The first lifeboat launched was Lifeboat 7 on the starboard side with 28 people on board out of a capacity of 65. It was lowered around 12:45 am as believed by the British Inquiry.^[38] Collapsible Boat D was the last lifeboat to be launched, at 2:05. Two more lifeboats, Collapsible Boats A and B, were in the process of being removed from their location on the roof of the officer's house, but could not be properly launched. Collapsible B floated away from the ship upside down, while Collapsible A became half-filled with water after the supports for its canvas sides were broken in the fall from the roof of the officers' quarters.^[38] Arguments occurred in some of the lifeboats about going back to pick up people in the water, but many survivors were afraid of being swamped by people trying to climb into the lifeboat or being pulled down by the suction from the sinking Titanic, though it turned out that very little suction had happened.^[39] At 2:20 am, Titanic herself sank.^[40] A small number of passengers and crew were able to make their way to the two unlaunched collapsible boats, surviving for several hours (some still clinging to the overturned Collapsible B) until they were rescued by Fifth Officer Harold Lowe.^[41]

At 4:10 am, Carpathia arrived at the site of the sinking and began rescuing survivors. By 8:30 am, she picked up the last lifeboat with survivors and left the area at 08:50^[42] bound for Pier 54 in New York City. Of the 711 passengers and crew rescued by the Carpathia, six, including first-class passenger William F. Hoyt, either died in a lifeboat during the night or on board the Carpathia the next morning, and were buried at sea.^[43]

In the days following the sinking, several ships sailed to the disaster area to recover victims' bodies. The White Star Line chartered the cable ship Mackay-Bennett from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to retrieve bodies. Three other ships followed in the search: the cable ship Minia, the lighthouse supply ship Montmagny, and the sealing vessel Algerine. Each ship left with embalming supplies, undertakers, and clergy. Upon recovery, each body retrieved by the Mackay-Bennett was numbered and given as detailed a description as possible to help aid in identification. The physical appearance of each body—height, weight, age, hair and eye colour, visible birthmarks, scars or tattoos, was catalogued and any personal effects on the bodies were gathered and placed in small canvas bags corresponding to their number.^[44]

The ship found so many bodies that the embalming supplies aboard were quickly exhausted. Health regulations permitted that only embalmed bodies could be returned to port.^[45] Captain Larnder of the Mackay-Bennett and the undertakers aboard decided to preserve all bodies of first-class passengers because of the need to visually identify wealthy men to resolve any disputes over large estates. As a result, the majority of the burials at sea were third-class passengers and crew. Larnder himself claimed that as a mariner, he would expect to be buried at sea.^[46] However, complaints about the burials at sea were made by families and undertakers. Later ships such as Minia found fewer bodies, requiring fewer embalming supplies, and were able to limit burials at sea to bodies that were too damaged to preserve.{{cn|date=November 2018}}

Bodies recovered were preserved and taken to Halifax, Nova Scotia, the closest city to the sinking with direct rail and steamship connections. A large temporary morgue was set up in a curling rink, and undertakers were called in from all across Eastern Canada to assist. Relatives from across North America came to identify and claim the bodies of their relatives. Some bodies were shipped to be buried in their home towns across North America and Europe. About two-thirds of the bodies were identified. Of the remaining 150 unclaimed bodies, 121^[47] were taken to the non-denominational Fairview Lawn Cemetery; 19^[48] were buried in the Roman Catholic Mount Olivet Cemetery, and 10^[49] were taken to the Jewish Baron de Hirsch Cemetery.^[50] Unidentified victims were buried with simple numbers based on the order in which their bodies were discovered.{{cn|date=November 2018}}

In mid-May 1912, over {{convert|200|mi|km|abbr=on}} from the site of the sinking, {{RMS|Oceanic|1899|6}} recovered three bodies, numbers 331, 332, and 333, who were among the original occupants of Collapsible A, which was swamped in the last moments of the sinking. Although several people managed to reach this lifeboat, three died during the night. When Fifth Officer Harold Lowe and six crewmen returned to the wreck site after the sinking with an empty lifeboat to pick up survivors, they rescued surviving passengers from Collapsible A, but left the three dead bodies in the boat: Thomson Beattie, a first-class passenger, and two crew members, a fireman and a seaman. After their retrieval from Collapsible A by Oceanic, the bodies were buried at sea.^[51]^[52]

Passenger list

The following is a full list^[53]^[54]^[41] of known passengers who sailed on the maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic.

Included in this list are the nine-member Guarantee Group and the eight members of the ship's band, listed as both passengers and crew.^[55]^[56] They are also included in the list of crew members on board RMS Titanic.

Survivors are listed with the lifeboat from which they were known to be rescued. Victims whose remains were recovered after the sinking are listed with a superscript next to the body number, indicating the recovery vessel:

Numbers 324 and 325 were unused, and the six bodies buried at sea by the Carpathia also went unnumbered.^[58]

First class

Second class

Third class

Cross-channel passengers

In addition to the above-listed passengers, the Titanic carried 29 cross-channel passengers who boarded at Southampton and disembarked at either Cherbourg, France^[95] or Queenstown, Ireland.^[96]

First passenger survivors to die

Last passenger survivors to die

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/manifest.php?q=1 |title=Titanic Passengers and Crew Listings |work=encyclopedia titanica |accessdate=15 July 2011}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=Lord, Walter |date=1976|title= A Night to Remember|location= London|publisher= Penguin Books|isbn= 978-0-14-004757-8|page=197}}
3. ^{{cite web |title=Passenger List and Survivors of Steamship Titanic |url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTApp/BOTApp01.php |date=30 July 1912 |work=United States Senate Inquiry |accessdate=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326032948/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTApp/BOTApp01.php |archive-date=26 March 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
4. ^{{cite journal|last=Hall|first=Wayne|year=1986|title=Social Class and Survival on the SS Titanic|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=22|issue=6|pages=687–690|url=http://www.med.mcgill.ca/epidemiology/courses/EPIB591/Fall%202010/mid-term%20presentations/Paper6.pdf}}
5. ^{{cite book | last = Barratt | first = Nick |authorlink=Nick Barratt | title = Lost Voices From the Titanic: The Definitive Oral History | year = 2009 | publisher = Random House | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84809-151-1 | ref = harv|p=93 }}
6. ^{{cite book | last = Howells | first = Richard | year = 1999 | title = The Myth of the Titanic | publisher = MacMillan Press | location = United Kingdom | isbn = 978-0-333-72597-9 | ref = harv|p=18 }}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/apr/9/list-20-facts-about-titanic/|title=This story is no longer available - Washington Times|website=www.washingtontimes.com}}
8. ^¹Metelko, Berit Hjellum, Web Titanic – Titanic's Maiden Voyage, 2001 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226230357/http://www.webtitanic.net/framemaid.html |date=26 February 2015 }}
9. ^¹Life on Board BBC Southampton, August 2002.
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-17614345|title=Titanic: Key figures on the night|date=15 April 2012|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}}
11. ^Isidor Straus served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from January 30, 1894, to March 3, 1895, or less than a full term.
12. ^New York Times, Thursday January 16th, 1913, Titanic Survivors Asking $6,000,000.
13. ^Hinkle, Marla, "Behind The Chocolate Curtain." The Morning News, 8 February 2004.
14. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Seven-Famous-People-Who-Missed-the-Titanic.html |title=Seven Famous People Who Missed the Titanic|work=Smithsonian Magazine'}}
15. ^{{cite book |title=882 1/2 Amazing Answers To Your Questions About The Titanic |last=Brewster|first=Hugh |last2=Coulter|first2=Laurie |year=1998 |publisher=Scholastic Paperbacks |isbn=978-0-8117-1814-1 |page=18}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://kids.nationalgeographic.com//|title=Kids' Games, Animals, Photos, Stories, and More -- National Geographic Kids|website=Kids}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitakercenter.org/files/pdf/Titanic-Ministry-through-Tragedy.pdf |title=Whitaker Centre – ''Titanic Artifact Exhibit: Ministry Through Tragedy'' |format=PDF |accessdate=6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704141456/http://www.whitakercenter.org/files/pdf/Titanic-Ministry-through-Tragedy.pdf |archivedate=4 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic-biography/fr-byles.html |title=Fr Thomas Roussel Davids Byles |publisher =Encyclopedia Titanica |accessdate=15 July 2011}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.draugas.org/news/lithuanians-on-the-titanic/ |title=Lithuanians on the "Titanic" |publisher =Draugas News |accessdate=16 November 2018}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://01d4e46.netsolhost.com/blog/?page_id=192 |title=Pastor John Harper and the Titanic Story |publisher=Harper Memorial Baptist Church |accessdate=2 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417213217/http://01d4e46.netsolhost.com/blog/?page_id=192 |archivedate=17 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bygonederbyshire.co.uk/stories/Lawrence-Beesley-Celebrated-Titanic-Survivor/article-1737329-detail/article.html |title=Lawrence Beesley – Celebrated Titanic Survivor |publisher=Bygonederbyshire.co.uk |accessdate=6 July 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
22. ^A Haitian French Family Which Traveled in Second Class Aboard Titanic {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518193720/http://www.titanichistoricalsociety.org/people/louise-laroche.asp |date=18 May 2013 }}, Titanic Historical Society. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
23. ^Mr Michel Navratil (Louis M. Hoffman), Encyclopedia Titanica
24. ^{{cite news|title=Mother is Coming to Claim Sea Waifs|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/04/24/100530965.pdf|accessdate=20 March 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=24 April 2012}}
25. ^{{cite news|title=Barbara Dainton|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1568791/Barbara-Dainton.html|accessdate=5 December 2018|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=7 November 2007}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic-archive/Armenians/|title=ARMENIANS|website=Encyclopedia Titanica}}
27. ^{{cite news |title=Scientists Finally Solve Titanic Mystery |url= |quote=Buried in a small plot in a Halifax cemetery, the baby was a poignant symbol of the children who perished on the vessel when it sank in 1912. In 2002, the mystery seemingly was solved; Canadian researchers said he was a 13-month-old Finnish boy. However, on Tuesday, a lead researcher said the child was actually the 19-month-old boy from England. |agency=Associated Press |date=3 August 2007}}
28. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6401827.ece|title=Millvina Dean, last remaining survivor of the Titanic, dies aged 97|last=Burgess|first=Kaya|date=1 June 2009|work=The Times |accessdate=24 October 2009}}
29. ^{{cite book |title=Titanic: Destination Disaster |last=Eaton|first=John P. |last2=Haas |first2=Charles |year=1996 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-04782-2 |page=79}}
30. ^{{Cite web |url=http://dishmag.com/issue109/travel/12261/titanic-museum-attraction-the-legendary-ship-lives-on-at-the/# |title=Titanic Museum Attraction: The Legend Lives On |access-date=30 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005144104/http://dishmag.com/issue109/travel/12261/titanic-museum-attraction-the-legendary-ship-lives-on-at-the/# |archive-date=5 October 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
31. ^{{cite book |title=Inside the Titanic: A Giant Cutaway Book|last=Brewster|first=Hugh |year=1998 |publisher=Little, Brown & Company |isbn=0-316-55716-1 }}
32. ^{{cite book |title=Le Titanic ne répond plus |last=Piouffre |first=Gérard |year=2009 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-2-03-584196-4 |page=317|language=fr}}
33. ^Amrieh, Antoine. "Batroun village remembers its own Titanic victims." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6FIOY4uN4?url=http://m.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Apr-14/170243-batroun-village-remembers-its-own-titanic-victims.ashx Archive]) The Daily Star. 14 April 2012. Retrieved on 21 March 2013.
34. ^al-Fakih, Rakan. "Bekaa village remembers Lebanese Titanic victims." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6Lx30NQ4O?url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Apr-15/170324-bekaa-village-remembers-lebanese-titanic-victims.ashx Archive]) The Daily Star. 15 April 2012. Retrieved on 18 December 2013.
35. ^¹²³Al-Tamimi, Jumana. "The untold story of Arabs." Gulf News. 12 April 2012. Retrieved on 25 December 2013.
36. ^{{cite book|last=Salloum Elias|first=Leila|title=The Dream and Then the Nightmare: The Syrians who Boarded the Titanic, the Story of the Arabic-speaking Passengers|publisher=Atlas for Publishing and Distribution|date=2011|page=|url=|id=|isbn=978-9933908614}}
37. ^Wang, Amy B. "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/19/why-youve-never-heard-of-the-six-chinese-men-who-survived-the-titanic/ Why you've never heard of the six Chinese men who survived the Titanic]." The Washington Post. 19 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
38. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepBoats.php|title=Boat Reports |date=30 July 1912 |work=British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry |accessdate=24 May 2011}}
39. ^Wreck Commissioners' Court: Proceedings on a Formal Investigation Ordered by the Board of Trade into the Loss of the S. S. TITANIC, London 1912
40. ^W. Garzke et al. [Marine Forensic Panel (SD 7)]: Titanic, The Anatomy of a Disaster. The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1997
41. ^¹{{Cite book|title=A Night To Remember|last=Lord|first=Walter|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|year=1955|isbn=0-03-027615-2|location=|}}
42. ^{{cite book |title=Titanic: A Journey Through Time |last=Eaton|first=John P. |last2=Haas |first2=Charles |year=1999 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-04782-2 |page=85}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.charlespellegrino.com/passengers/edith_russell.htm|title=Charles Pellegrino Web Site|website=www.charlespellegrino.com}}
44. ^{{cite book |title=Unsinkable The Full Story of the RMS Titanic |last=Butler |first=Daniel Allen |authorlink=Daniel Allen Butler |year=1998 |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0-8117-1814-1 |pages=200–202}}
45. ^{{cite web |url=http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/research/titanicfaq.html#victims |title=Maritime Museum of the Atlantic Titanic Research Page – Victims |publisher=Museum.gov.ns.ca |date=8 November 2010 |accessdate=29 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207054632/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/research/titanicfaq.html#victims |archivedate=7 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }}
46. ^{{cite web| last = Mowbray| first = Jay Henry| title = CHAPTER XXI. THE FUNERAL SHIP AND ITS DEAD| work = The sinking of the Titanic (1912)| year = 1912| url = http://gaslight.mtroyal.ca/titnch21.htm| accessdate = 24 November 2008| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011223508/http://gaslight.mtroyal.ca/titnch21.htm| archivedate = 11 October 2007| df = dmy-all}}
47. ^{{cite web |author=Encyclopedia Titanica |url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/victims_graves.php?angle=Fairview+Lawn |title=Titanic Victims buried at Fairview Lawn Cemetery |publisher=Encyclopedia-titanica.org |accessdate=6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608070323/http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/victims_graves.php?angle=Fairview+Lawn |archivedate=8 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
48. ^{{cite web |author=Encyclopedia Titanica |url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/victims_graves.php?angle=Mount+Olivet |title=Titanic Victims buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery |publisher=Encyclopedia-titanica.org |accessdate=6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725235348/http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/victims_graves.php?angle=Mount+Olivet |archivedate=25 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
49. ^{{cite web |author=Encyclopedia Titanica |url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/victims_graves.php?angle=Baron+De+Hirsch |title=Titanic Victims buried at Baron De Hirsch Cemetery |publisher=Encyclopedia-titanica.org |accessdate=6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608065933/http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/victims_graves.php?angle=Baron+De+Hirsch |archivedate=8 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://titanic.gov.ns.ca/graves.html |title=Government of Nova Scotia – Halifax and the Titanic Victims |publisher=Titanic.gov.ns.ca |date=12 June 1912 |accessdate=6 July 2011}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTInq13Lowe01.php|title=Testimony of Harold G. Lowe (Fifth Officer, SS Titanic)|work=British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry|accessdate=1 June 2011}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/echo-disaster-boat-picked-up-bodies-board.html|title=Echo of Disaster : Boat Picked Up Bodies On Board|work=Encyclopedia Titanica|accessdate=1 June 2011}}
53. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite book|last=Geller|first=Judith B.|title=Titanic: Women and Children First|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|date=October 1998|page=197|url=|id=|isbn=978-0-393-04666-3}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic_passenger_list/|title=Titanic Passenger List|publisher=Encyclopedia Titanica|accessdate=1 December 2011}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.titanic-titanic.com/titanic_band.shtml |title=Titanic's Band or Orchestra |publisher=Titanic-titanic.com |accessdate=6 July 2011}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ithaca.edu/staff/jhenderson/titanic.html |title=The Demographics of Titanic Passengers |publisher=Ithaca.edu |accessdate=6 July 2011}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=https://app.pch.gc.ca/application/artefacts_hum/indice_index.app|title=Artefacts Canada|first=Ministère du Patrimoine canadien|last=Gouvernement du Canada|website=app.pch.gc.ca}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=https://novascotia.ca/archives/titanic/list.asp|title= RMS Titanic Resource Guide: List of Bodies|publisher=Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management |accessdate=5 December 2018}}
59. ^¹²³Though their employers travelled in first class, this servant was given second class accommodations, as their services were not needed while their employers were on board.
60. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶See the Crew of the RMS Titanic article for further information.
61. ^Madeleine Astor was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a son, John Jacob VI, on 14 August 1912.
62. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹{{cite journal |last1=Bracken |first1=Robert |last2=Findlay |first2=Michael |year=1998 |title=Titanic's very youngest survivors |journal=Voyage |volume=7 |issue=27 |publisher=Titanic International Society}}
63. ^Léontine Pauline Aubart was the mistress of Benjamin Guggenheim. Benjamin Guggenheim died on the sinking.
64. ^After the Titanic sank, Thomson Beattie was hauled aboard Collapsible A but he died in the night. His body was found when the lifeboat was recovered a month later bythe Oceanic.
65. ^Helen Bishop was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a son, Randall Walton, on 8 December 1912, who died a day after his birth.
66. ^¹²³⁴⁵Now the Republic of Ireland.
67. ^William Hoyt was pulled alive from the water, and onto Lifeboat 14, and thus is counted among the occupants of this boat; Hoyt, however, died during the night and his body was buried at sea by the sailors on board the Carpathia
68. ^{{Cite news | author-link= | title=One Victim Legally Dead | newspaper=The New York Times | page=4 | date=27 April 1912 | url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/item/5614/ | postscript= }}
69. ^Marion Kenyon was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She delivered a stillborn child sometime in 1912.
70. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic-biography/roberta-maioni.html |title=Miss Roberta Elizabeth Mary Maioni |publisher=Encyclopedia-titanica.org |accessdate=6 July 2011}}
71. ^Mary Marvin was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a daughter, Margaret, sometime in 1912.
72. ^Traveled using alias: Baron Alfred von Drachstedt; transferred from second to first class
73. ^(2013) Alfred Nourney (ref: #220) Encyclopedia Titanica, (accessed 17 December 2013)
74. ^¹²Now Germany.
75. ^Eloise Smith was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a son, Lucien Philip Jr., on 19 November 1912.
76. ^¹²Now India.
77. ^Now South Africa.
78. ^Now Thailand.
79. ^¹²³Now Finland.
80. ^Argene del Carlo was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a daughter, Maria Salvata, on 14 November 1912.
81. ^Juliette Laroche was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a son, Joseph Lemercier, on 17 December 1912.
82. ^[https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic-victim/juozas-montvila.html Encyclopedia Titanica] Fr Juozas Montvila Retrieved 2 April 2017.
83. ^Now Lebanon.
84. ^Adele Nasser was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to son Nicholas, on 9 December 1912 who died hours after his birth.
85. ^Kate Phillips gave birth to a daughter, Ellen Mary "Betty", on 11 January 1913. Miss Phillips was having an affair with Henry Morley, and the two were running away together
86. ^Ada West was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a daughter, Edwyna, sometime in 1912.
87. ^Maria Backström was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a daughter, Alfhild Maria, in June 1912.
88. ^¹²Elias, Leila Salloum. The Dream and then the Nightmare
89. ^Mr Joseph Caram. Encyclopedia Titanica.
90. ^Graziella Leporati, Quegli otto lombardi inghiottiti dall’oceano la notte del Titanic, Il Giorno.
91. ^Known for decades as "The Unknown Child", body number 4 was initially identified after the disaster as two-year-old Gösta Leonard Pålsson (1912). Dental records later identified him as 13-month-old Eino Viljami Panula (2002), until a test on the child's HVS1, a type of mitochondrial DNA molecule, confirmed his identification as that of 19-month-old Sidney Goodwin (2007).
92. ^Elias, Leila Salloum. The Dream and then The Nightmare
93. ^Due to the effects recovered with the body (a purse containing Danish coins and a handkerchief marked with the letter "A") there has been some doubt over the authenticity of the identification.
94. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/biography/1276/|title=Master Walter John van Billiard|publisher=Encyclopedia Titanica|accessdate=3 March 2008}}
95. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/manifest.php?q=14|title=Titanic Cross-Channel Passenger List: Southampton to Cherbourg|publisher=Encyclopedia Titanica|accessdate=19 July 2007}}
96. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/manifest.php?q=15|title=Titanic Cross-Channel Passenger List: Southampton to Queenstown|publisher=Encyclopedia Titanica|accessdate=19 July 2007}}
97. ^Mr. and Mrs. Dyer-Edwardes embarked at Southampton with their daughter, the Countess of Rothes, and niece, Gladys Cherry.
98. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic-survivor/maria-nakid.html|title=Mariayam (Maria) Nakid : Titanic Survivor|website=Encyclopedia Titanica}}
99. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic-survivor/eugenie-baclini.html|title=Ūwjīnīyā al-B'aqlīnī (Eugenie Baclini) : Titanic Survivor|website=Encyclopedia Titanica}}
100. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic-survivor/kornelia-theodosia-andrews.html|title=Kornelia Theodosia Andrews : Titanic Survivor|website=Encyclopedia Titanica}}

Passengers

First class

Second class

Third class

Ticket-holders who did not sail

Passengers by ethnicity

Levantine passengers

Chinese passengers

Survivors and victims

Passenger list

First class

Second class

Third class

Cross-channel passengers

First passenger survivors to die

Last passenger survivors to die

Footnotes

See also

References

Further reading

External links