| 词条 | Paul Offit |
| 释义 |
|name = Paul A. Offit |image = Paul Offit.jpg |caption = |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|03|27}}[1] |birth_place = Baltimore[2] |death_date = |death_place = |death_cause = |nationality = American |known_for = Developing a rotavirus vaccine, public advocacy for vaccines |awards = {{ublist|Maxwell Finland Award (2013)|Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal (2018)}} |occupation = Pediatrician |website = [https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center Children's Hospital of Philadelphia - Vaccine Education Center] | |spouse = Bonnie Offit[3] | module = {{Listen | filename = Audio Paul Offit.wav | title = Paul Offit's voice | type = speech | description = recorded October 2016 }} }}Paul A. Offit (born 27 March 1951) is an American pediatrician specializing in infectious diseases, vaccines, immunology, and virology. He is the co-inventor of a rotavirus vaccine. Offit is the Maurice R. Hilleman Professor of Vaccinology, Professor of Pediatrics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Former Chief of the Division of Infectious Diseases (1992-2014), and the Director of the Vaccine Education Center at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. He has been a member of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.[4] Offit is a Board Member of Every Child By Two[4] and a Founding Board Member of the Autism Science Foundation (ASF).[5] Offit has published more than 130 papers in medical and scientific journals in the areas of rotavirus-specific immune responses and vaccine safety,[4] and is the author or co-author of books on vaccines, vaccination, and antibiotics. He is one of the most public faces of the scientific consensus that vaccines have no association with autism. As a result, he has attracted controversy, and both a substantial volume of hate mail and occasional death threats,[8][9] as well as support for his position.[4][6] LifeOffit grew up in Baltimore, the son of a shirtmaker. He went to his father's sales meetings and reacted negatively to the tall tales told by salespeople, instead preferring the clean and straightforward practice of science.[12] When he was five years old, he was sent to a polio ward to recover from clubfoot surgery; this experience caused him to see children as vulnerable and helpless, and motivated him through the 25 years of the development of the rotavirus vaccine.[7][8] Offit decided to become a doctor, the first in his family.[15] Offit earned his bachelor's degree from Tufts University and his M.D. from the University of Maryland, Baltimore. One of his mentors at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia was Maurice Hilleman, who developed several of the major vaccines in use today.[12] By 2008 Offit had become a leading advocate of childhood immunizations. He was opposed by vaccine critics, many of whom believe vaccines cause autism, a belief that has been rejected by major medical journals and professional societies.[9][10] He received a death threat{{when|date=June 2017}} and received protection by an armed guard during meetings at the CDC.[7] His 2008 book Autism's False Prophets catalyzed a backlash against the antivaccine movement in the U.S.[8] He donated the royalties from the book to the Center for Autism Research at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.[21] Offit serves on the board of the American Council on Science and Health.[11] In 2015, Dr. Offit appeared in a vaccine awareness video created by Robert Till in which he advocated for teenage vaccinations.[12] Rotavirus vaccine{{main|Rotavirus vaccine}}Offit worked for 25 years on the development of a safe and effective vaccine against rotavirus, which is a cause of diarrhea,[13] and which kills almost 600,000 children a year worldwide, about half as many as malaria kills; most deaths are outside the West.[14] His interest in the disease stemmed from the death of a 9-month-old infant from rotavirus-caused dehydration while under his care as a pediatric resident in 1979.[13][8] Along with his colleagues Fred Clark and Stanley Plotkin, Offit invented RotaTeq,[15] a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine manufactured by Merck & Co. Since 2006, RotaTeq has been one of two vaccines currently used against rotavirus.[15] In February 2006, RotaTeq was approved for inclusion in the recommended U.S. vaccination schedule, following its approval by the Food and Drug Administration.[15][16] Premarketing studies found that RotaTeq was effective and safe, with an incidence of adverse events comparable to placebo.[17] RotaTeq has been credited (by Peter Hotez) with saving hundreds of lives a day.[7] Offit received an unspecified sum of money for his interest in RotaTeq.[12] Offit was elected a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, in 2015.[18] Smallpox vaccineIn 2002, during a period of fears about bioterrorism, Offit was the only member of the CDC's advisory panel to vote against a program to give smallpox vaccine to tens of thousands of Americans. He later argued on 60 Minutes II and The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer that the risk of harm for people getting the vaccine outweighed the risk of getting smallpox in the U.S. at the time.[19] Action against dietary supplements and alternative medicineIn December 2013, Sarah Erush and Offit declared the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia has a moratorium on the use of dietary supplements without certain manufacturers' guarantee for quality.[20] Our hospital has acted to protect the safety of our patients. No longer will we administer dietary supplements unless the manufacturer provides a third-party written guarantee that the product is made under the F.D.A.’s “good manufacturing practice” (G.M.P.) conditions, as well as a Certificate of Analysis (C.O.A.) assuring that what is written on the label is what’s in the bottle. Offit defines alternative medicine as quackery when it involves unappreciated harm and replacement of conventional therapies that work, with alternative therapies that don't. His books and articles warn against expense and risk to health for recipients of alternative therapies. In 2013 Offit wrote the book Do you believe in Magic? – The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine.[21] Offit states that the purpose of the book " is to take a critical look at the field of Alternative Medicine – to separate fact from myth." and that "There's only medicine that works and medicine that doesn't." (p. 6) One of Offit's concerns is the scare tactics he says proponents of Alternative Medicine will often use, in a 2010 podcast with the Point of Inquiry Offit stated "it is very difficult to unscare people when you scare them."[22] Offit has said that the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 should be overturned to provide proper oversight and action against supplement providers.[23] ReceptionOffit is a recipient of numerous awards, including the J. Edmund Bradley Prize for Excellence in Pediatrics from the University of Maryland Medical School, the Young Investigator Award in Vaccine Development from the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the 2013 Maxwell Finland Award for Scientific Achievement and a Research Career Development Award from the National Institutes of Health.[24] In 2018, Offit was awarded the Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal from the Sabin Vaccine Institute in Washington, DC for his work on the oral rotavirus vaccine and his leadership in promoting immunization.[25] In 2011 Offit was honored by the Biotechnology Industry Organization with the 2011 Biotech Humanitarian Award.[26] Offit donated the award’s $10,000 prize to the Vaccine Education Center at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.[27] Also in 2011, Offit was elected to the Institute of Medicine at the group's annual meeting.[28] In 2013 Offit was presented with the Robert B. Balles Prize in Critical Thinking by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) for Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine. "Offit is a literal lifesaver... educates the public about the dangers of alternative medicine, may save many, many more."[29] Michael Specter wrote that Offit "has become a figure of hatred to the many vaccine denialists and conspiracy theorists." Specter reported that Offit had often been threatened with violence by anti-vaccine advocates, necessitating precautions such as screening Offit's packages for mail bombs and providing guards when Offit attends federal health advisory committee meetings.[30] At a 2008 vaccine activism rally in Washington, D.C., environmental lawyer Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. criticized Offit's ties to drug companies, calling him a "poster child for the term 'biostitute'."[31]Also in 2008, Sharyl Attkisson published an article in CBS news questioning Offit's independence, citing his financial ties to vaccine manufacturers.[32] Offit said he is upfront about the money and that it doesn't affect his decisions.[32] Curt Linderman Sr., the editor of the Autism File blog, wrote online that it would "be nice" if Offit "was dead".[19] Such vilification has provoked statements in Offit's defense. Peter Hotez, a professor and vaccine researcher at George Washington University, has been quoted in a 'Newsweek' article: Peter Hotez ... says government health officials should take a bolder stand in reassuring the public. Hotez feels as strongly as Offit does about the science (saying vaccines cause autism, he says, "is like saying the world is flat"), but, like other busy scientists, he's less willing to enter the fray. "Here's someone who has created an invention that saves hundreds of lives every day," says Hotez, whose daughter, 15, has autism, "and he's vilified as someone who hates children. It's just so unfair."[7] PublicationsOffit has written or co-written several books on vaccines, vaccination and the public, and antibiotics, as well as dozens of scholarly articles on the topic. Isabelle Rapin, a neurology professor at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, wrote in Neurology Today about Autism's False Prophets: This book explores why parents, seeking in vain for a cure and for an explanation of their child's problem, are so vulnerable to false hopes and to the nasty predators who have from time immemorial always taken advantage of the desperate in our society. ... [Offit] became outraged by Dr. Andrew Wakefield's 1998 study in the Lancet that blamed the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine for causing autism. Dr. Offit predicted the paper would precipitate a resurgence of measles and its serious complications, and even deaths – a prophecy soon realized.[33] In "The Cutter Incident" (see Cutter Laboratories incident), Offit describes fallout relating to an early poliovirus vaccine tragedy that had the effect of deterring production of already licensed vaccines and discouraging the development of new ones. Offit advocates for the repeal of religious exemptions to vaccine requirements, saying that such exemptions amount to medical neglect.[34] Books
Medical articles
Other
References1. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3072100159.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924170636/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3072100159.html | dead-url=yes | archive-date=24 September 2015 | title=Paul A. Offit 1951- | work=Contemporary Authors | date=1 January 2008 | accessdate=24 November 2014}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nfid.org/awards/offit.pdf|title=Paul A. Offit, MD|publisher=}} 3. ^{{cite web | url=http://articles.philly.com/2012-07-10/business/32602235_1_yogurt-fro-yo-avalon | title=A doctor's new career prescription: Frozen yogurt at the Shore | work=Philly.com | date=10 July 2012 | accessdate=14 March 2014 | author=Mastrull, Diane}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Scientific Advisory Board|url=http://www.ecbt.org/index.php/about/article/scientific_advisory_board|website=Every Child by Two|accessdate=28 March 2016}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=ASF Founding Board Member Dr. Paul Offit Elected to the Institute of Medicine|url=http://autismsciencefoundation.wordpress.com/2011/10/18/asf-founding-board-member-dr-paul-offit-elected-to-the-institute-of-medicine/|publisher=Autism Science Foundation|accessdate=10 November 2011|date=2011-10-18}} 6. ^Author: Vaccine Book Brings Out Hidden Support After Death Threats. Reuters, February 18, 2009 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal |author= Kalb C |title= Stomping through a medical minefield |journal=Newsweek |volume=152 |issue=18 |pages=62–3 |date=2008-11-03 |pmid=18998447 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/165644}} 8. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.docartemis.com/Transcripts/25-booksandideas-Offit.pdf |title= Interview with Dr. Paul Offit, MD, on vaccine safety |work= Books and Ideas |author= Campbell G |date=2009-01-30}} Podcast (MP3). Retrieved 2009-05-13. 9. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/feb/02/lancet-retracts-mmr-paper |title=Lancet retracts 'utterly false' MMR paper |last=Boseley |first=Sarah |date=February 2, 2010 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=February 2, 2010}} 10. ^{{cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Luke E. |author2=Swerdfeger, Amy L. |author3=Eslick, Guy D. |title=Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies |journal=Vaccine |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085 |pmid=24814559 |volume=32 |issue=29 |date=June 2014 |pages=3623–3629}} 11. ^{{cite web | publisher = American Council on Science and Health | url = http://acsh.org/about-acsh/meet-the-team/ | title = Meet the Team| date = 2012-06-02 }} 12. ^{{Citation|last=MCIC|title=Teen Vaccine Awareness Video {{!}} MCIC|date=2015-11-23|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49WNqGXdAqI|accessdate=2016-04-26}} 13. ^1 2 {{cite news |author= Avril T |date=2008-09-17 |work= Philadelphia Inquirer |title= Expert sees no link between vaccines and autism }} 14. ^1 2 {{cite news| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/13/health/13auti.html | work = New York Times | author = McNeil DG Jr | date = 2009-01-12 | accessdate = 2009-01-13 | title = Book is rallying resistance to the antivaccine crusade }} 15. ^1 {{cite news |work= New York Times |url=http://nytimes.com/2006/01/05/science/05vaccine.html |author= McNeil DG Jr |title= Rotavirus drugs deemed safe and effective |date=2006-01-05 |accessdate=2008-10-02}} 16. ^{{cite news |work= San Francisco Chronicle |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/02/04/MNGCVH2TU11.DTL |author= Russell S |title= FDA OKs safer vaccine for children |date=2006-02-04 |accessdate=2008-10-02}} 17. ^{{cite journal |author= American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases |title= Prevention of rotavirus disease: guidelines for use of rotavirus vaccine |journal=Pediatrics |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=171–82 |year=2007 |pmid=17200286 |doi=10.1542/peds.2006-3134 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/119/1/171}} 18. ^{{Cite web|title = Ten Distinguished Scientists and Scholars Named Fellows of Committee for Skeptical Inquiry - CSI|url = http://www.csicop.org/si/show/ten_distinguished_scientists_and_scholars_named_fellows_of_committee_for_sk|website = www.csicop.org|accessdate = 2015-10-15}} 19. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |author=Wallace A |title=An epidemic of fear: how panicked parents skipping shots endangers us all |work=Wired |date=2009-10-19 |url=https://www.wired.com/magazine/2009/10/ff_waronscience/all/1 |accessdate=2009-10-21 }} 20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/geoffreykabat/2013/10/18/childrens-hospital-of-philadelphia-bans-dietary-supplements-from-its-pharmacy/|title=Children's Hospital Of Philadelphia Bans Dietary Supplements From Its Pharmacy|last=Kabat|first=Geoffrey|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-02-20}} 21. ^{{Cite book|title=Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine|last=Offit|first=Paul A.|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2013|isbn=978-0-06-222296-1|location=New York|pages=}} 22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.pointofinquiry.org/paul_offit_the_costs_of_vaccine_denialism/|title=Paul Offit – The Costs of Vaccine Denialism {{!}} Point of Inquiry|website=www.pointofinquiry.org|access-date=2016-03-28|date=2010-02-12}} 23. ^{{cite web|last=Colanduno|first=Derek|authorlink=Derek Colanduno|title=Do You Believe In Magic? Interview with Paul Offit|url=http://www.skepticality.com/believe-magic/|work=Skepticality Podcast|publisher=Skeptic Magazine|accessdate=15 December 2013|format=Audio|date=9 September 2013}} 24. ^1 {{cite press release |title= Author royalties from autism book donated to autism research |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=159681&TICK=CHOP&STORY=/www/story/11-03-2008/0004917307&EDATE=Nov+3,+2008 |date=2008-11-03 |publisher =Children's Hospital of Philadelphia}} 25. ^{{cite web|last1=Burkholder|first1=Amy|title=Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's Dr. Paul Offit Receives the 2018 Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal|url=http://www.chop.edu/news/childrens-hospital-philadelphias-dr-paul-offit-receives-2018-albert-b-sabin-gold-medal|website=Children's Hospital of Philadelphia|accessdate=2 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502195618/http://www.chop.edu/news/childrens-hospital-philadelphias-dr-paul-offit-receives-2018-albert-b-sabin-gold-medal|archivedate=2 May 2018|language=en|date=26 April 2018}} 26. ^{{Cite web | url=http://nctechnews.com/2011/06/29/awards/dr-paul-offit-receives-2011-biotech-humanitarian-award/5482/ | title=Home}} 27. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/blog/john-george/2011/06/bio-award-goes-to-doctor-who-developed.html?page=all | first=John | last=George | title=CHOP doctor who developed rotavirus vaccine honored | date=2011-06-29}} 28. ^{{citation | url=http://iom.edu/Global/News%20Announcements/2011-New-Members.aspx | title=IOM Elects 65 New Members, Five Foreign Associates | date=October 17, 2011 | author=Stencel, Christine | publisher=Institute of Medicine | accessdate=October 19, 2011 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20121113083837/http://www.iom.edu/Global/News%20Announcements/2011-New-Members.aspx | archivedate=November 13, 2012 | df= }} 29. ^{{cite web|last1=Fidalgo|first1=Paul|title=CSI Announces Paul Offit As Winner of the 2013 Balles Prize|url=http://www.csicop.org/si/show/csi_announces_paul_offit_as_winner_of_the_2013_balles_prize|website=Skeptical Inquirer|publisher=CSICOP|accessdate=18 August 2016}} 30. ^{{cite book | first = Michael | last = Specter | title = Denialism: How Irrational Thinking Hinders Scientific Progress, Harms the Planet, and Threatens Our Lives | authorlink = Michael Specter | publisher = Penguin Books | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-59420-230-8}} 31. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |author=Fagone J |title=Will this doctor hurt your baby? |date=June 2009 |work=Philadelphia |url=http://www.phillymag.com/articles/will_this_doctor_hurt_your_baby/ |accessdate=2009-06-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608122324/http://www.phillymag.com/articles/will_this_doctor_hurt_your_baby/ |archivedate=2009-06-08 |df= }} 32. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-independent-are-vaccine-defenders/|title=How Independent Are Vaccine Defenders?|publisher=}} 33. ^{{cite journal |url= http://journals.lww.com/neurotodayonline/Fulltext/2009/01150/High_Hopes,_Shoddy_Research_and_Elusive_Therapies.11.aspx |journal= Neurology Today |date= 15 January 2009 |volume= 9 |issue= 2 |page= 23 |doi= 10.1097/01.NT.0000345037.57123.0b |title= High Hopes, Shoddy Research and Elusive Therapies for Autism Examined and Exposed |author= Rapin I |format= Book review}} 34. ^{{cite news|last=Offit|first=Paul A.|title=End religious exemption|url=http://articles.philly.com/2013-05-10/news/39144680_1_child-abuse-neglect-first-century-gospel|accessdate=21 December 2013|newspaper=About Philly.Com|date=May 10, 2013}} External links{{commonscatinline}}{{Library resources box|by=yes|viaf=101710702}}
14 : American immunologists|American pediatricians|Living people|Physicians from Philadelphia|Vaccinologists|Tufts University alumni|University of Maryland School of Medicine alumni|University of Pennsylvania faculty|American medical writers|American male non-fiction writers|Critics of alternative medicine|1951 births|Members of the National Academy of Medicine|Fellows of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry |
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