| 词条 | Pavel Molchanov |
| 释义 |
| name = Pavel Molchanov | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1893|2|18}} | birth_place = Volosovo, Russian Empire | death_date = October 1941 | death_place = Leningrad, Russian SFSR, USSR | nationality = Russia, later USSR | other_names = | occupation = meteorologist | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }}Pavel Alexandrovich Molchanov ({{lang-ru|Павел Александрович Молчанов}}) ({{OldStyleDate|February 18|1893|February 6}} in Volosovo, Russian Empire – October 1941 in Leningrad, Russian SFSR) was a Soviet Russian meteorologist and the inventor of the first russian radiosonde in 1930, while the French Pierre Idrac (1885-1935) and Robert Bureau (1892-1965) were the first to develop the radiosonde in 1929.[1] BiographyMolchanov graduated from Petersburg University in 1914, worked in the Main Physical (Geophysical) Observatory in Pavlovsk between 1917 and 1939 and then at the institute of civil air fleet in Leningrad. He studied possibilities of applying aerological data to the weather forecast. Molchanov constructed meteorographs, carried by sondes and aircraft and improved pilot observation technique. A radiosonde of his design was first launched on January 30, 1930.[2][3] Named "271120", it was released 13:44 Moscow Time in Pavlovsk, USSR from the Main Geophysical Observatory and reached a height of 7.8 kilometers measuring temperature there (-40.7 °C). Thirty-two (32) minutes after the launch, the radiosonde sent one of the first aerological message to the Leningrad Weather Bureau and Moscow Central Forecast Institute, only one year after the French's experiment.[1] In July 1931, conducting programme of the International Polar Year, German scientists invited him to take part in an expedition into the Arctic onboard LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin and launch his radiosondes in polar latitudes. Twelve sondes were prepared for that purpose at Pavlovsk Observatory under Molchanov's leadership and successfully launched, conducting the first aerological observations in the Arctic.[4] Molchanov also participated in first Soviet stratospheric balloon ascents (1933–34). Since 1935 serial production of radiosondes was started in Leningrad. Molchanov's radiosonde construction was so perfect technically, that it was used until 1958 without any significant changes, providing sufficient accuracy of measurements, regularity and stability.[4] In April 1941, Molchanov was arrested by Stalin's secret police. During transport on a prison barge on Lake Ladoga, Molchanov was shot while attempting to climb a ladder to get fresh air.[5][6] Soviet Oceanographic Ice-Class Research Vessel Professor Molchanov, operated since 1983, was named in his honor. References1. ^1 {{cite web|language=fr|url=http://www.meteo.fr/meteonet/decouvr/a-z/html/224_curieux.htm|work=Glossaire météorologique|title=Bureau (Robert)|publisher=Météo-France|accessdate=December 24, 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029230225/http://www.meteo.fr/meteonet/decouvr/a-z/html/224_curieux.htm|archivedate=October 29, 2007|df=}} *Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd edition, entry on "Молчанов", available online here{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Molchanov, Pavel}}2. ^{{cite web|work=Weather Doctor Almanac|title=BALLOONS SAMPLE THE WEATHER|date = July 2005|url=http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/almanac/arc2005/alm05jul.htm}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Climates & Weather Explained.|author=Kirk. Martinez, |author2=Jane K. Hart |author3=Edward Linacre |author4=Bart Geerts|publisher=Routledge (UK)|year=1997|isbn=0-415-12520-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415125200&id=nU8P_Q8S7l8C&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&ots=b1bYiESFzV&dq=radiosonde+Molchanov&sig=0UYBU0xUOMbiyPFa95dkt2RzP7U|page=17}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|work=Central Aerology Observatory|title=75th anniversary of starting aerological observations in Russia|language = Russian|url=http://cao-ntcr.mipt.ru/К%2075%20летию.htm}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://guap.ru/guap/kaf11n/hist_main.shtml|title=ГУАП: Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет аэрокосмического приборостроения|publisher=}} 6. ^http://www.syasstroy.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=121&Itemid=21 9 : 1893 births|1941 deaths|People from Volosovo|Russian geophysicists|Russian meteorologists|Soviet scientists|Russian scientists|Russian inventors|20th-century inventors |
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