| 词条 | Peace of Amasya |
| 释义 |
1555| header_align = left/right/center | footer = The 1555 Peace Treaty of Amasya was made between the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire.| footer_align = left | image1 =Flag of Shah Tahmasp I.svg| width1 = 100 | caption1 = | image2 =Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg| width2 = 100 | caption2 = }} The Peace of Amasya ({{lang-fa|پیمان آماسیه}} ("Qarārdād-e Amasiyeh"); {{lang-tr|Amasya Antlaşması}}) was a treaty agreed to on May 29, 1555 between Shah Tahmasp of Safavid Persia and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Turkey at the city of Amasya, following the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555. The treaty defined the border between Iran and the Ottoman Empire and was followed by twenty years of peace. By this treaty, Armenia and Georgia were divided equally between the two, with Western Armenia, western Kurdistan, and western Georgia (incl. western Samtskhe) falling in Turkish hands while Eastern Armenia, eastern Kurdistan, and eastern Georgia (incl. eastern Samtskhe) stayed in Iranian hands.[1] The Ottoman Empire obtained most of Iraq, including Baghdad, which gave them access to the Persian Gulf, while the Persians retained their former capital Tabriz and all their other northwestern territories in the Caucasus and as they were prior to the wars, such as Dagestan and all of what is now Azerbaijan.[2][3][4] The frontier thus established ran across the mountains dividing eastern and western Georgia (under native vassal princes), through Armenia, and via the western slopes of the Zagros down to the Persian Gulf. Several buffer zones were established as well throughout Eastern Anatolia, such as in Erzurum, Shahrizor, and Van.[5] Kars was declared neutral, and its existing fortress was destroyed.[6][7] The Ottomans, further, guaranteed access for Persian pilgrims to go to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina as well as to the Shia holy sites of pilgrimages in Iraq.[8] The decisive parting of the Caucasus and the irrevocable ceding of Mesopotamia to Ottoman Turkey happened per the next major peace treaty known as the Treaty of Zuhab in 1639 CE/AD.[9] Another term of the treaty was that the Safavids were required to end the ritual cursing of the first three Rashidun Caliphs,[10] Aisha and other Sahaba (companions of Muhammad); all held in high esteem by Sunnis. This condition was a common demand of Ottoman-Safavid treaties,[11] and in this case was considered humiliating for Tahmasp.[12] References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Mikaberidze|first1=Alexander|title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442241466|page=xxxi|edition=2}} {{Ottoman treaties}}{{Amasya District}}2. ^The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566, V.J. Parry, A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730, ed. M.A. Cook (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 94. 3. ^Mikaberidze, Alexander [https://books.google.nl/books?id=WjQfo3a1eVMC&pg=PA698&dq=peace+of+amasya+caucasus&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBmoVChMIv7zZx-mSyAIVRI9yCh0qbwl2#v=onepage&q=peace%20of%20amasya%20caucasus&f=false Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1.] ABC-CLIO, 31 jul. 2011 {{ISBN|1598843362}} p 698 4. ^A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010). 516. 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Ateş|first1=Sabri|title=Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1107245082|page=20}} 6. ^Mikaberidze, Alexander [https://books.google.nl/books?id=WjQfo3a1eVMC&pg=PA698&dq=peace+of+amasya+caucasus&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBmoVChMIv7zZx-mSyAIVRI9yCh0qbwl2#v=onepage&q=peace%20of%20amasya%20caucasus&f=false Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1.] ABC-CLIO, 31 jul. 2011 {{ISBN|1598843362}} p 698 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Mikaberidze|first1=Alexander|title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442241466|page=xxxi|edition=2}} 8. ^Shaw, Stanford J. (1976), History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 1, p. 109. Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-29163-1}} 9. ^Феодальный строй, Great Soviet Encyclopedia {{ru icon}} 10. ^{{cite book|author1=Andrew J Newman|title=Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire|date=11 Apr 2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9780857716613|page=46}} 11. ^{{cite book|author1=Suraiya Faroqhi|title=The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It|date=3 Mar 2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781845111229|pages=36, 185|edition=illustrated, reprint}} 12. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Bengio|editor1-first=Ofra|editor2-last=Litvak|editor2-first=Meir|title=The Sunna and Shi'a in History: Division and Ecumenism in the Muslim Middle East|date=8 Nov 2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230370739|page=60}} 25 : Peace treaties of Iran|Peace treaties of the Ottoman Empire|Treaties of the Safavid dynasty|1555 in Asia|1555 in Europe|1555 in the Ottoman Empire|1555 treaties|Kartli|Kakheti|Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti|Partition (politics)|Early Modern history of Georgia (country)|Early Modern history of Iran|History of Amasya|History of Dagestan|Ottoman Iraq|16th century in Armenia|16th century in Azerbaijan|16th century in Georgia (country)|16th century in Iran|16th century in the Ottoman Empire|Suleiman the Magnificent|Iran–Turkey relations|Ottoman–Persian Wars|Iran–Ottoman Empire treaties |
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