词条 | Pedro de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Mancera |
释义 |
| honorific-prefix= Don | name=Pedro Álvarez de Toledo | honorific-suffix=Marqués de Mancera Caballero de Alcántara | image=Mancera1.jpg | order=15th Viceroy of Peru | term_start=December 18, 1639 | term_end=September 20, 1648 | monarch=Philip IV | primeminister=Count-Duke of Olivares | predecessor=The Count of Chinchón | successor=The Count of Salvatierra | birth_date=c.1585 | birth_place=Madrid, Spain | death_date={{death date and age|1654|03|09|1585}} | death_place=Madrid, Spain | spouse=Luisa Feijóo de Novoa María Luisa de Salazar | children=Antonio Sebastián Álvarez de Toledo | profession=Lieutenant General | signature=SignaturePAlvarezdeToledo.png | religion=Catholic |}} Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva, 1st Marquis of Mancera[1] (c. 1585–1654), was a Spanish nobleman, general, colonial administrator, and diplomat. He served as Captain General of Galicia and Viceroy of Peru from December 18, 1639 to September 20, 1648. Early lifePedro de Toledo was the son of Don Luis de Toledo, 4th Lord of Mancera, and of his second wife Isabel de Leiva. He served with the Spanish armies in Italy, rising to the rank of lieutenant general in the royal galleys of Sicily. King Philip IV of Spain raised his title from Lord to Marquis of Mancera in 1623. Thereafter he served eight years as governor and Captain General of Galicia. Viceroy of PeruPedro de Toledo was named the 15th Viceroy of Peru in 1639, at the age of 54. He traveled to the Viceroyalty of Peru with his son Antonio Sebastián de Toledo, who later became the Viceroy of New Spain (1664–73) and 2nd Marquis of Mancera. As viceroy, Pedro de Toledo introduced the papel sellado (literally, sealed paper).[2] He expanded the naval forces and fortified the ports of Valdivia, Valparaíso, Arica and Callao. In Callao he ordered the construction of a {{convert|4|km|mi}} long defensive wall, which was completed in 1647. Isla Mancera, an island at the mouth of the Valdivia River, is named after him. He organized literary discussion parties, tertulias a formalized kind of official salon. In these was introduced the mancerina, a ceramic or silver saucer with a framework for holding a jícara, or chocolate cup.[3] The manufacture of mancerinas later became an industry in the Spanish towns of Manises and Talavera. At the end of his term as viceroy, Pedro de Toledo returned to Spain. He died in Madrid in 1654. DescendantsPedro de Toledo was married first to Luisa Feijóo de Novoa y Zamudio, with whom he had one daughter. In 1621 he married for a second time with María Luisa de Salazar y Enríquez de Navarra, 3rd Lady of El Mármol, with whom he had another two children. By Luisa Feijóo de Novoa:
By María Luisa de Salazar:
Ancestry{{ahnentafel|align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Pedro Álvarez de Toledo |2= 2. Luis de Toledo 4th Lord of Mancera |3= 3. Isabel de Leiva |4= 4. Enrique de Toledo 3rd Lord of Mancera |5= 5. Isabel de Mendoza |6= 6. Sancho Martínez de Leiva Lord of the house of Leiva |7= 7. Leonor de Mendoza |8= 8. Pedro de Toledo 1st Lord of Mancera |9= 9. Leonor de Ayala |10= 10. Diego de Castilla 3rd Lord of Gor |11= 11. Beatriz de Mendoza |12= 12. Sancho Martínez Lord of the house of Leiva |13= 13. Francisca Ladrón de Guevara |14= 14. Garcí II Hurtado de Mendoza 8th Lord of la Corzana |15= 15. Ana de Leiva }} Additional informationNotes1. ^in full, {{lang-es|Don Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva, sexto señor y primer Marqués de Mancera, Virrey de Galicia y del Perú, embajador en Alemania y Venecia, del Consejo de Guerra de Don Felipe II, caballero de la orden de Alcalá y comendador de Esparragosa}}) 2. ^Papel sellado (literally, sealed paper): A series of measures were adopted for the purpose of increasing royal revenues in the first part of the seventeenth century. One of the measures was the introduction of papel sellado, by a royal decree of 1638. This required the use of seals on official documents in the Indies, such as contracts, judicial decrees, and deeds. A tax was charged for the seals. 3. ^See zarf. Sources{{refbegin}}
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de Toledo}}{{s-end}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Toledo, Pedro de}} 12 : Spanish generals|Spanish diplomats|Captain Generals of Galicia|Viceroys of Peru|1580s births|1654 deaths|17th-century Peruvian people|Marquesses of Mancera|Knights of the Order of Alcántara|Álvarez de Toledo family|1630s in Peru|1640s in Peru |
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