“Penal system of Japan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Penal system of Japan (including prisons) is part of the criminal justice system of Japan. It is intended to resocialize, reform, and rehabilitate offenders. The penal system is operated by the Correction Bureau of the Ministry of Justice.

Procedure

On confinement, prisoners are first classified according to gender, nationality, type of penalty, length of sentence, degree of criminality, and state of physical and mental health. They are then placed in special programs designed to treat their individual needs.

Vocational and formal education are emphasized, as is instruction in social values. Most convicts engage in labor, for which a small stipend is set aside for use on release. Under a system stressing incentives, prisoners are initially assigned to community cells, then earn better quarters and additional privileges based on their good behavior.

Administration

The Correctional Bureau of the Ministry of Justice administers the adult prison system as well as the juvenile correctional system and three women's guidance homes (to rehabilitate prostitutes). The ministry's Rehabilitation Bureau operates the probation and parole systems. Prison personnel are trained at an institute in Tokyo and in branch training institutes in each of the eight regional correctional headquarters under the Correctional Bureau. Professional probation officers study at the Legal Training and Research Institute of the Ministry. The prison guards in Japan do not carry firearms but can activate an alarm where specialized armed guards will come. There can be as low as one prison guard supervising 40 inmates while they are working.

Prison population

In 1990 Japan's prison population stood at somewhat less than 47,000; nearly 7,000 were in short-term detention centers, and the remaining 40,000 were in prisons. Approximately 46 percent were repeat offenders. Japanese recidivism was attributed mainly to the discretionary powers of police, prosecutors, and courts and to the tendency to seek alternative sentences for first offenders.

By 2001 The overall prison population rose to 61,242^[1] or 48 prisoners per 100,000. By of the end of 2009, the prison population had yet again risen to 75,250, or 59 prisoners per 100,000.^[2] One reason for the rise is a large increase in the number of elderly being convicted of crimes, with loneliness being cited as a major factor.^[3]^[4] In 2016, there were 18,462 male prison inmates and 2,005 female prison inmates.

Juvenile offenders

Although a few juvenile offenders are handled under the general penal system, most are treated in separate juvenile training schools. More lenient than the penal institutions, these facilities provide correctional education and regular schooling for delinquents under the age of twenty.

More adults are in prison than child delinquents, mainly because of the low crime rate.

Aftercare treatment

According to the Ministry of Justice, the government's responsibility for social order does not end with imprisoning an offender, but also extends to aftercare treatment and to noninstitutional treatment to substitute for or supplement prison terms.

A large number of those given suspended sentences are released to the supervision of volunteer officers under the guidance of professional probation officers. Adults are usually placed on probation for a fixed period, and juveniles are placed on probation until they reach the age of twenty.

Foreign inmates

The number of crimes committed by foreigners significantly decreased in recent years from 43,622 in 2005 to 15,276 in 2016. Most common offenses committed by foreigners were theft (60% of their Penal Code offenses), Immigration violations (66% of non-Penal code offenses), and drug offenses in 2016.

The number of convicted foreign prisoners was 3,509 in 2016. Yet, most of them were given suspended sentences and only 744 were imprisoned in the same year. The largest group was thieves (122 persons) and the second largest was drug offenders (96 persons).

Use of volunteers

Volunteers are also used in supervising parolees, although professional probation officers generally supervise offenders considered to have a high risk of recidivism. Volunteers hail from all walks of life and handle no more than five cases at one time. They are responsible for overseeing the offenders' conduct to prevent the occurrence of further offenses. Volunteer probation officers also offer guidance and assistance to the ex-convict in assuming a law-abiding place in the community.

Although volunteers are sometimes criticized for being too old compared with their charges (more than 70 percent are retired and are age fifty-five or over) and thus unable to understand the problems their charges faced, most authorities believe that the volunteers are critically important in the nation's criminal justice system.

Claims of inmate rights abuses

In 2003, Justice Ministry formed a special team to investigate 1,566 prisoner deaths from 1993 to 2002. A preliminary report suggested that nearly one-third of the cases involved suspicious circumstances. However, in June, the Ministry announced that there was evidence of abuse only in the two Nagoya fatalities. Regarding the other suspicious deaths, the Ministry said that approximately 10 deaths could be attributed to poor medical care. The authorities reported they had lost the documentation on nine deaths in Tokyo's Fuchu Prison. The remaining deaths were determined to be "not suspicious."^[6]

In the wake of prison abuses, the "Law Concerning Penal Institutions and the Treatment of Sentenced Inmates" came into effect on June 7, 2007, to reform treatment on prisoners,^[7]^[8]^[9] such as "the expansion of prisoners' contacts with the outside world, the establishment of independent committees to inspect prisons, and the improvement of the complaints mechanisms."^[10] However, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations (JFBA) expressed concerns in 2010 about revalidating unlimited solitary confinements (along with newer types of handcuffs for such inmates), not providing medical care for inmates under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, and mental and physical effects of confinement for death row inmates.^[10]

In the article “’Prison Libraries’ in Japan: The Current Situation of Access to Books and Reading in Correctional Institutions" Kenichi Nakane talks about another form of prisoner neglect/abuse. Nakane's article finds that there is a severe lack of reading materials available to people who are incarcerated in Japanese correctional facilities. The author Kenichi Nakane uses the term “Prison Library” because there are no professionally ran libraries inside of any of the correctional facilities. Nakane finds that incarcerated persons can only get books, newspapers, and magazines by buying them and/or getting them as gifts. Nakane found that occasionally a limited number of reading materials are supplied, but they are out dated and inadequate. Nakane also finds the lack of reading material and availability of information in these incarceration facilities to be hindering some of the rights of the incarcerated individuals. To further investigate this problem, Kenichi Nakane traveled to twenty-six prisons in America and seven prisons in the United Kingdom and found that the availability of books, and information to incarcerated individuals in Japan.^[11]

Penal institutions

Japanese "penal institutions" include prisons for sentenced adults, juvenile detention centers for sentenced juveniles, and detention houses for pre-trial inmates.^[12]

In Japan, there are 62 prisons, 7 juvenile prisons, 52 juvenile classification homes, 52 juvenile training schools, 8 Detention Houses, 8 regional parole boards, and 50 probation offices.

Prisons

Different types of prisoners are sent to different prisons. For example, the Fuchu Prison (Tokyo) and Yokohama Prison (Kanagawa) receive inmates that have advanced criminal inclination with sentences shorter than 10 years, e.g. prisoners affiliated with crime organizations. The Chiba Prison received inmates without advanced criminal inclination and who do not have sentences longer than 10 years, e.g. murder without the possibility of repeating a crime again. Ichihara Prison (Chiba) is specialized for traffic offenders, e.g. repetitive offenders and those who killed others while driving.

Sapporo Correctional Precinct

Sendai Correctional Precinct

Tokyo Correctional Precinct

Nagoya Correctional Precinct

Osaka Correctional Precinct

Hiroshima Correctional Precinct

Takamatsu Correctional Precinct

Fukuoka Correctional Precinct

Detention houses

Medical facilities

Private Finance Initiative

Private Finance Initiative (PFI) prisons are maintained with private management. PFI prisons, which are for sentenced inmates with low criminal tendencies, include:^[17]

The inmates population tends to be large: 2,000 at Kizuregawa and Shimane Asahi; 1,000 at Harima and 500 at Miya. Under the PFI, prison facilities were built by the state but the operation and maintenance are made by private companies. Inmates at the private prisons are without advanced criminal inclinations.

Logo

The logo of the Correction Bureau includes three "C"s. One stands for Challenge, one for Change, and one for Cooperate.^[18]

References

1. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325005045/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/r188.pdf |date=March 25, 2009 }}
2. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312052357/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/worldbrief/wpb_country.php?country=97 |date=March 12, 2011 }}
3. ^{{cite web|last=Yamaguchi |first=Mari |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/12/09/national/prisons-trying-to-cope-with-swelling-elderly-population |title=Prisons trying to cope with swelling elderly population | The Japan Times |publisher=Search.japantimes.co.jp |date= |accessdate=2013-09-23}}
4. ^{{cite web|last=Coskrey |first=Jason |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/08/03/national/rise-in-elderly-shoplifters-due-to-loneliness-police-study |title=Rise in elderly shoplifters due to loneliness: police study | The Japan Times |publisher=Search.japantimes.co.jp |date= |accessdate=2013-09-23}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa22/008/1998/en/ |title=Document - Japan: Prisoners face cruel and humilliating punishment | Amnesty International |publisher=Amnesty.org |date=1998-06-26 |accessdate=2013-09-23}}
6. ^https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27772.htm
7. ^http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/06/26/reference/prison-reforms-seen-as-too-little-and-way-too-late/
8. ^http://www.nichibenren.or.jp/en/legalinfo/arrest/prison_inmates.html
9. ^http://www.moj.go.jp/ENGLISH/issues/issues06.html
10. ^¹http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/focus/section2/2012/06/detention-centers-and-prisons-in-japan.html
11. ^https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/18744, Illinois School of Information Science, Access Date: November 24, 2017
12. ^"General Outline of Japanese Adult Corrections." Penal Institutions in Japan {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703102710/http://www.moj.go.jp/content/000002239.pdf |date=2010-07-03 }}. Ministry of Justice. 4 (4/21). Retrieved on May 30, 2010.
13. ^"Osaka Prison."{{ja icon}} Ministry of Justice. Retrieved on May 30, 2010.
14. ^"入札公告(建設工事)." (English is at the end of the document) Ministry of Justice. Retrieved on May 30, 2010.
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cpr.jca.apc.org/archive/report_en |title=NPO法人監獄人権センター：Center for Prisoner‘s Rights |publisher=Cpr.jca.apc.org |date= |accessdate=2013-09-23}}
16. ^Criminalization and prisoners in Japan: six contrary cohorts Elmer Hubert Johnson P244 SIU Press, 1997
17. ^"General Outline of Japanese Adult Corrections." Penal Institutions in Japan {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703102710/http://www.moj.go.jp/content/000002239.pdf |date=2010-07-03 }}. Ministry of Justice. 18 (18/21). Retrieved on May 30, 2010.
18. ^"矯正ロゴマーク." Correction Bureau. Retrieved on May 30, 2010.