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词条 Persian dance
释义

  1. History

  2. Genres of dance

  3. Persian dance styles

  4. Notable Persian dancers

      Contemporary and historical Persian dancers    Notable Persian dance ensembles  

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Persian arts}}Persian dance or Iranian dance (Persian:رقص ایرانی) refers to the dance styles indigenous to Iran. Genres of dance in Iran vary depending on the area, culture, and language of the local people, and can range from sophisticated reconstructions of refined court dances to energetic folk dances.[1] The population of Iran includes many ethnicities, such as Kurds, Azerbaijanis, Turkmen, Jews, Armenian, Georgian peoples, in addition to numerous Iranian tribal groups which can be found within the borders of modern-day Iran.[1] Each group, region, and historical epoch has specific dance styles associated with it.[1] Raghs (also spelled as Raqs) is the Arabic word for dance, and is almost exclusively the word used for dance in Persian, as the Persian word for dance, paykubi, is no longer in common usage. It's also the word in Azerbaijani for dance (Reqs). The Kurdish word for dance is Halperke, and the Lurs from Lorestan use the word Bākhten (or Bāzee) for dance.[4]

History

People of Iranian plateau have known dance in forms of music, play, drama or religious rituals and have used instruments like mask, costumes of animals or plants, and musical instruments for rhythm, at least since 6th millennium BC. Cultural mixed forms of dance, play and drama have served rituals like celebration, mourning and worship. And the actors have been masters of music, dance, physical acts and manners of expression. Artifacts with pictures of dancers, players or actors were found in many of archaeological prehistoric sites in Iran, like Tepe Sabz, Ja'far Abad, Chogha Mish, Tall-e Jari, Cheshmeh Ali, Ismaeel Abad, Tal-e bakun, Tepe Sialk, Tepe Musian, tepe Yahya, Shahdad, Tepe Gian, Kul Farah, Susa, Kok Tepe, Cemeteries of Luristan, etc.[2]

The earliest researched dance from historic Iran is a dance worshiping Mithra (as in the Cult of Mithras) in which a bull was sacrificed. This cult later became highly adhered in the Roman Empire. This dance was to promote vigor in life.[6] Ancient Persian dance was significantly researched by Greek historian from Herodotus of Halikarnassos, in his work Book IX (Calliope), in which he describes the history of Asian empires and Persian wars until 478 BC.[3] Ancient Persia was occupied by foreign powers, first Greeks, then Arabs, and then Mongols and in turn political instability and civil wars occurred. Throughout these changes a slow disappearance of heritage dance traditions occurred.[3]

After the fall of Persian Empire, when the country was torn into pieces, Iranian women and young girls were enslaved by the new conquerors, often forced into sexual slavery and required to perform erotic dances for the new rulers. Religious prohibition of dancing in Iran came with the spread of Islam, but it was spurred by historical events.[3] Religious prohibition to dancing waxed and waned over the years, but after the Iranian Revolution in 1979 dancing was no longer allowed due to its frequent mixing of the sexes.[3][11] The Islamic Revolution of 1979, was the end of a successful era for dancing and the art of ballet in Iran.[4] The Iranian national ballet company was dissolved and its members emigrated to different countries.[4] According to the principles of the “cultural revolution” in Iran, dancing was considered to be perverse, a great sin, immoral and corrupting.[4] As a result, many of the talented Persian dancers moved to the West and spread out mainly in Europe and the United States and new generation of Iranian dancers and ballet artists have grown up in the Diaspora.[4]

Genres of dance

Iran possesses four categories of dance and these genres are; chain or line dances, solo improvisational dance, war or combat dances and ritual or spiritual dances.

Chain or Line dances are often named for the region or the ethnic groups with which they are associated.[1]Solo dance includes usually reconstructions of Safavid and Qajar Court Dance. These often are improvisational dances and utilize delicate, graceful movements of the hands and arms, such as wrist circles.[1]War or Combat dances imitate combat, or help train the warrior. It could be argued that men from the zurkhaneh (a traditional Persian style gymnasium) called the “House of Strength” and their ritualized, wrestling-training movements are known as a type of dance called Raghs-e-Pa but could also been seen as a martial art.[1][5]Ritual or spiritual dances, are often Sufi are known as sama and also a type of zikr (religious chant).[1] There are various types of dancing in a trance for healing practices in Iran and surrounding areas. One healing ritual that involves trance, music, and movement is called le’b guati of the Baluchis of Eastern Iran, which is performed to rid a possessed person of the possessing spirit and appears to be in a similar state as an exorcism.[6] There is a term in Balochi "gowati" for psychologically ill patients (possessed by wind) who have recovered through music healing, music as medicine.[7] The southern coastal regions of Iran such as Qeshm Island have a similar possession by wind ceremony and it is thought that it may be influenced or originated in Africa, particularly the Abyssinian or Ethiopian region.[23]

The word sama, from the Arabic root meaning “to listen,” refers to the spiritual practice of listening to music and achieving unity with the Divine, it is spelled sema in Turkish.[6] Dancing mystics (regardless of their specific religious identifications) are called Dervish.

Contemporary social dances and urban dance performed at festive occasions like weddings and Noruz celebrations focus less on communal line or circle dances and more on solo improvisational forms, with each dancer interpreting the music in her own special way but within a specific range of dance vocabulary sometimes blending other dance styles or elements.[1]

Persian dance styles

This is a list of some of the ancient and contemporary Persian dances, from various ethnic groups within Iran.

  • Baba Karam, a chain dance, derived from a Sufi story whereby a servant at the court of the king falls in love with one of the harem girls and sings this song out of grief of not being able to be with her, was traditionally featuring male dancers but nowadays also performed by women, also sometimes Baba Karam refers to as a term for contemporary Persian Hip-Hop dancing.
  • Bandari dance, a chain dance, often referred to as "Persian belly dancing" refers to the style of dancing indigenous to Southwestern, Bandar region of Iran influenced by the African and Arabic music and dance. The distinct feature of this dance is the way performers wave their hands in a unique manner that resembles the cooperation of a group of fishermen at the sea.[8]
  • Basseri dance is a traditional dance performed by the Basseri tribe who live in the Fars province. The dancers wear their traditional and colorful clothes.[9]
  • Bojnordi dance, Bojnord is a village in the northeast section of Iran inhabited by a Turkic people. Men and women dance separately or together in Bojnordi dance, snapping their fingers in the method known as peshkan. Dancing in a circle with running and step hop steps, the dancers may turn alternate directions facing first one side then the next, dancers sometimes facing one another. Men or women may dance and wave small colorful scarves, called dastmal.[10]
  • Choob bazi, also known as chob bazi, chub-bazi, çûb-bâzî or raghs-e choob a chain dance found all over Iran, performed by men with sticks, the name translates to English as 'stick play'. There are two types of Choob bazi dance styles, the first one is more combative in style, only performed by men (normally only two men, assuming the roles as the attacker and the defender) and does not appear to have a rhythmic pattern, this style is more frequently found in Southwestern Iran. The second style Choob bazi is a circle or line dance with pattern, performed by both sexes and is more of a social dance.[11]
  • Classical Persian court dances, solo dances, improvisational, often utilizes delicate, graceful movements of the hands and arms with animated facial expressions are central to the concept of that difficult-to-define flirtatiousness, Persian classical dance has not been organized and codified. Thus each dancer creates her own style and improvises within a recognizably Persian framework of movements.[12] Costumes for these types of dance are featuring rich silks, brocades and flowing long skirts.
  • Haj Naranji dance, an upper body motion is emphasized, with hand motions, trunk undulations and facial expressions being points of attention
  • Jâheli, dance popularized in the 60s and 70s by the known Persian dancer Jamileh. Jâheli part of an Iranian sub-culture that has its origins in 9th and 10th century, a period when Turkic and Mongol tribes seeking pasturage and pillage, formed an incursion in eastern Iran. Local, informal constabularies were formed to protect each town or village and the men of these groups, called jâhel (meaning “ignorant” in Farsi), along with women, developed a culture and dance with a mixture of street smarts and spirituality.[13][14]
  • Khaliji dance, contemporary dance done in largely improvisational, performed by pairs or groups of women for their own entertainment at special celebrations, such as weddings. Also a term used to describe a type of Khaliji music from the Persian Gulf region.
  • Kereshmeh dance, solo, 19th Century Iranian royal court dance.
  • Kharman dance
  • Khorasani dance
  • Latar dance
  • Le’b Guati, a spiritual dance by the Baluchis of Eastern Iran in order to rid a person of a possessing spirit.
  • Lezgi dance, Azerbaijani and Caucasian folk dance, comes in variations of styles based on region.
  • Luri dance
  • Matmati
  • Mazandarani dance
  • Motrebi dance, professional public dancers from the Qatar period, sometimes also prostitutes or party entertainment. In contemporary Iran this is a dance associated with low-class nightclub performers.
  • Qasemabadi, also known as Ghasem Abadi, is a chain genre, rice-harvesting dance of the Gilaki people from the Gilan province of Iran near the Caspian Sea.
  • Raghs-e-Pa, also known as Raqs-e Pa or Pay-Bazi, the term for the traditional gymnasium foot work dance found at zurkhaneh (a traditional Iranian gym), name translates to English as 'foot dance'.
  • Raghs-e-Pari, Persian fairy dance.
  • Raghs-e Parcheh, Persian veil dance.
  • Raghs-e Sharqi, belly dancing.
  • Ru-Howzi, a comic theatre performance on domestic life includes some dancing.
  • Sama-o-raghs, a spiritual Sufi dance of joy, involves chanting, dancers move to the rhythm of the music often continuing until they fall into a trance or collapse from exhaustion.
  • Shamshir dance, war dance involving a sword, also known as Shamshir-bazi;usually performed in Sistan and Baluchestan province.
  • Shateri dance, classical Persian dance often compared to Arabic dance however Shateri is without any hip movements.
  • Tehrani dance, also known as Tehrooni, Tehran-style nightclub dancing.
  • Vahishta, a Sufi, spiritual dance.
  • Yalli, also known as Yally or Halay, an Azerbaijani chain folk dance, starts slowly and finishes fast at almost running speed. Traditionally it was a celebration of fire, which was a source of heat, light, and warm food. In ancient times dancers worship fire as a goddess.
  • Zaboli dance, a folk, chain dance, from the Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Southeastern Iran.
  • Zār, a spiritual dance, from Southern coastal regions of Iran, people believe in the existence of winds that can be either vicious or peaceful and possess people. They are healed through a specific ceremony and dance.[15]
  • Zargari dance, a chain dance, from the Zargari people, a Romani-related ethnic group deriving from Zargar, Iran area.

Notable Persian dancers

Contemporary and historical Persian dancers

This list of contemporary and historical Persian dancers or choreographers (in alphabetical order, of various dance styles) includes:

  • Sahar Azari
  • Helia Bandeh (Netherlands' based, also heads a dance troupe called 'Helia Dance Company', traditional Persian dance)
  • Farima Berenji
  • Haydeh Changizian
  • Foroozan
  • Jamilah, Los Angeles based, belly dancer
  • Farzaneh Kaboli, Iranian actress and dancer.
  • Mohammad Khordadian, Iranian-American dancer.
  • Shirin Kiani (Santa Barbara Ballet)
  • Maryam Mahdaviani (New York City Ballet)
  • Cigana MahMah (of Sigana Choreographer, Dayereh Crew)
  • Mahvash, popular dancer and singer of the 50's and 60's.
  • Masa (Los Angeles based dancer)
  • Medea Mahdavi (UK-based dancer and choreographer)[16]
  • Afshin Mofid (New York City Ballet)
  • Shahrokh Moshkin-Ghalam (Paris based, modern dancer)
  • Abdollah Nazemi, dance choreographer and educator and founder of Pars National Ballet Company.[17]
  • Azita Sahebjam, dancer and director of Vancouver Pars National Ballet.[18]
  • Kimiya Saleh (also known as Kimya Saleh), Japan-based, Iranian dancer specializing in Arabic style belly dancing.
  • Mina Saleh, Japan-based, Iranian dancer specializing in Arabic style belly dancing.[19]
  • Shahrzad
  • Azar Shiva, Iranian actress and dancer.

Notable Persian dance ensembles

  • Ballet Afsaneh, a female dance troupe focused on Persian culture along the Silk Road, based in the San Francisco Bay Area.[20]
  • AVAZ International Dance Theatre, Iranian folkloric dance troupe with modernist influence, located in Los Angeles since 1977.[21][17]
  • Farima Dance
  • Khorshid Khanoom Dance, founded in 1995 in Montreal, Canada by Aram Bayat, in order to preserve and teach the Iranian traditional dance.[22]
  • Niosha Dance Academy (NDA), founded by Niosha Nafei and located in Northern California[23]
  • Pars National Ballet Company, founded by Abdollah Nazemi in 1966, located in Los Angeles, California.[17]
  • Saba Dance Company, an Iranian folkloric dance troupe located in California.[24]
  • Shahrzad Dance Academy (SDA), located in the San Francisco Bay Area.
  • Silk Road Dance Company (SRDC), Persian/Central Asian troupe located in the DC area since 1995.[25]
  • Simorgh Dance Collective
  • Vancouver Pars National Ballet (also known as VPNB, in Farsi, Bale-ye Melli-ye Pars) founded by Azita Sahebjam (whom studied under Abdollah Nazemi), the ballet is located in Vancouver, Canada since 1989)[26][18]

See also

{{Portal|Iran|Dance}}
  • Persian theatre
  • Iranian music
  • Azerbaijani dances

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite web|url = http://www.laurelvictoriagray.com/persian-dance.html|title = A Brief Introduction to Persian Dance|date = 2007|accessdate = July 14, 2014|website = Laurel Victoria Gray, Central Asian, Persian, Turkic, Arabian and Silk Road Dance Culture|publisher = |last = Gray|first = Laurel Victoria}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url = https://jfadram.ut.ac.ir/article_24776.html|title = Dance, Play, Drama; a Survey of Dramatic Actions in Pre-Islamic Artifacts of Iran|date = 2012|publisher = Tehran: University of Tehran, Honarhay-e Ziba Journal|last = Taheri|first = Sadreddin}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web|url = http://artira.com/nimakiann/history/preislamic.html|title = Persian Dance And It's Forgotten History|date = 2000|accessdate = July 14, 2014|website = Nima Kiann|publisher = Les Ballets Persans|last = Kiann|first = Nima}}
4. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url = http://www.iranchamber.com/cinema/articles/persian_dance_history03.php|title = Persian Dance History|date = 2002|accessdate = Aug 26, 2015|website = Iran Chamber Society|publisher = |last = Kiann|first = Nima}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.nasehpour.com/tonbak/persian-dance.html|title = A Brief About Persian Dance|date = |accessdate = July 14, 2014|website = Official Website of Dr. Peyman Nasehpour|publisher = |last = Nasehpour|first = Peyman}}
6. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url = http://thebestofhabibi.com/volume-18-no-2-september-2000/spirituality-in-iran/|title = Spirituality in Iranian Music and Dance, Conversations with Morteza Varzi|date = 2002|accessdate = July 14, 2014|website = The Best of Habibi, A Journal for Lovers of Middle Eastern Dance and Arts|publisher = Shareen El Safy|last = Friend PhD|first = Robyn C.}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url = http://everything2.com/title/Bandari|title = Bandari|date = May 2, 2003|accessdate = July 14, 2014|website = everything2|publisher = |last = oakling|first = }}
8. ^{{Cite web|url = http://middleeasterndance.homestead.com/BYB/Styles/Bandari.html|title = Iranian Raqs e-Bandari|date = 2011|accessdate = Aug 25, 2014|website = Middle Eastern Dance|publisher = |last = |first = }}
9. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.marvdashtonline.ir/728.ir/show.asp?id=2739|title = Basseri tribe history|date = |accessdate = Oct 11, 2015|website = Marvdashtnama (Persian)|publisher = |last = |first = }}
10. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.easternartists.com/DANCE%201%20Iran.html|title = PERSIAN (IRANIAN) DANCE & MUSIC|date = |accessdate = Aug 25, 2014|website = Eastern Artists|publisher = |last = |first = }}
11. ^{{Cite web|url = http://home.earthlink.net/~rcfriend/chubbazi.htm|title = Çûb-Bâzî, The Stick-dances of Iran|date = |accessdate = March 6, 2015|website = The Institute of Persian Performing Arts|publisher = Encyclopedia Iranica|last = Friend|first = Robyn C.}}
12. ^1 {{Cite web|url = http://home.earthlink.net/~rcfriend/exquis.htm|title = The Exquisite Art of Persian Classical Dance|date = Spring 1996|accessdate = July 14, 2014|website = |publisher = Snark Records|last = Friend|first = Robyn C.}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url = http://home.earthlink.net/~rcfriend/video-2.htm|title = Dances of Iran, Robyn Friend|date = 2000|accessdate = October 17, 2014|website = |publisher = Neil Siegel|last = Siegel|first = Neil}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url = http://home.earthlink.net/~rcfriend/jamileh.htm|title = JAMILEH "The Goddess of Persian Dance"|date = Winter 1997|accessdate = October 17, 2014|website = Habibi, (volume 16, number 1)|publisher = Snark Records|last = Friend|first = Robyn C.}}
15. ^1 {{Cite web|url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zar|title = ZĀR|date = July 20, 2009|accessdate = July 14, 2014|website = ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA|publisher = ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA|last = Sabaye Moghaddam|first = Maria}})
16. ^http://www.footwork.org/medea
17. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title=Choreographing Identities: Folk Dance, Ethnicity and Festival in the United States and Canada|last=Shay|first=Anthony|publisher=McFarland|year=2006|isbn=078645153X|location=|pages=150–151}}
18. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.harbourfrontcentre.com/learntoskate/courses.cfm?id=5114&festival_id=136|title=Vancouver Pars National Ballet|work=Harbourfront Centre|access-date=2017-12-05}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.bellydancefestival.net/teachers/eng/58/|title = Mina Saleh ( Arizumi)|date = 2010|accessdate = March 6, 2015|website = Mediterranean delight festival|publisher = |last = |first = }}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://ww2.kqed.org/spark/ballet-afsaneh-art-and-culture-society/|title=Spark: Ballet Afsaneh Art and Culture Society|last=|first=|date=2007-07-18|website=KQED|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-22}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.phantomranch.net/folkdanc/perform/avaz.htm|title = AVAZ International Dance Theatre|date = |accessdate = October 17, 2014|website = phantomranch.net|publisher = |last = |first = }}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://worldculturalheritagevoices.org/ms-aram-bayat/|title=Nowruz Award – Iranian Personality of the Year for Art & Culture|last=|first=|date=|website=WorldCulturalHeritageVoices.org (WCHV)|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-05}}
23. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/OUT-OF-IRAN-Five-extraordinary-Iranian-2581513.php|title=OUT OF IRAN / Five extraordinary Iranian Americans love both countries but loathe their leaders' war talk|last=|first=|date=2007-07-15|work=SFGate|access-date=2017-03-27|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=Mohammed Khordadian|url=http://www.whatsupiran.com/Profile/Mohammad-Khordadian/About|website=Whats Up Iran|publisher=WhatsUpIran.com|accessdate=October 17, 2014}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.kennedy-center.org/artist/B11087|title=Silk Road Dance Company|last=|first=|date=2014|website=The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-22}}
26. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.vancouverpnb.ca/about.html|title=Vancouver Pars National Ballet|last=|first=|date=|website=Vancouver Pars National Ballet|publisher=|accessdate=October 17, 2014}}

External links

  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qHGeA3TaHM Folk Dances from Persia, 1970s] (Video by National TV, Tehran)
  • A Brief About Persian Dance by Dr. Peyman Nasehpour
  • Iran Dance & Ballet Resources
  • The Exquisite Art of Persian Classical Dance by Robyn C. Friend PhD.
  • Iran Chamber Society, Persian Dance and it's forgotten history
{{Dance}}

3 : Arts in Iran|Iranian culture|Iranian dances
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