词条 | Dunglish |
释义 |
Dunglish (portmanteau of Dutch and English; in Dutch steenkolenengels, literally: "coal-English") is a popular term for mistakes native Dutch speakers make when trying to speak English.[1] The term's usage is loosely connected to that of other English language corruptions, such as Engrish. English instruction in the Netherlands begins in elementary school or secondary school, and Dutch-speaking Belgians are usually taught English from the age of twelve. In addition, like all foreign-language films, English-spoken movies are subtitled rather than being dubbed in the Netherlands and in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. The Dutch word for the poorest form of Dunglish, steenkolenengels ("Coal English"), goes back to the early 20th century when Dutch port workers used a rudimentary form of English to communicate with the personnel of English coal ships.[1] Errors occur mainly in pronunciation, word order, and the meaning of words, so-called false friends and false cognates. Former Dutch ambassador and prime minister Dries van Agt supposedly once said "I can stand my little man" (translation of ik kan mijn mannetje staan, a Dutch idiom meaning roughly "I can stand up for myself"). The former leader of the Dutch Liberal Party, Frits Bolkestein, repeatedly referred to economic prospects as "golden showers", unaware of the term's sexual connotation.[2] Incorrect meaning of wordsErrors often occur because of the false friend or false cognate possibility: words are incorrectly translated for understandable reasons. Examples are:
Word orderSome Dutch speakers may use Dutch syntax inappropriately when using English, creating errors such as What mean you? instead of What do you mean? This is because English and Dutch do not follow exactly the same word order. English has a subject–verb–object word order, but this is shared only partially by Dutch, which has a verb-second order, causing the subject to follow the verb if another constituent already precedes it; e.g., Hij is daar ("He is there"), but Daar is hij; literally "There is he" (idiomatically, "There he is"). Also, Dutch places perfect participles towards the end of a clause while the auxiliary remains at the verb-second position, allowing for the two to be separated and for many other elements to stand in between; e.g. Ik heb dat gisteren [meteen na de lunch toen ik aankwam etc.] gedaan; literally "I have that yesterday [immediately after the lunch when I arrived etc.] done". In questions, English employs periphrastic constructions involving the verb to do, a rare feature crosslinguistically. Dutch does not use this construction, but instead utilizes a VSO word order, inverting the subject and verb. In English noun adjuncts, such as Schiphol in the phrase Schiphol Meeting Point, the modifying noun comes before the other noun. In Dutch this is the reverse, giving rise to errors like "Meeting Point Schiphol". Compound nouns written as one wordIn English, only certain compound nouns (such as "schoolteacher") can be written as one word, whereas in Dutch the default is to write compound nouns as a single word.[3] This is witnessed in errors in English texts on signs – at Schiphol Airport alone one can see signs for "meetingpoint", "boardingpass" and "traintickets". In some cases the English compound noun spelled as two words in English has been officially absorbed by the Dutch language – as is the case with creditcard (credit card) and jetlag (jet lag). Verb conjugationEnglish and Dutch are both West Germanic languages, with many cognate verbs with identical or nearly identical meanings. This similarity between verbs may cause speakers of Dutch to conjugate English verbs according to Dutch grammar.
Errors in pronunciation
Other mistakes
Use in media
LiteratureDutch author Maarten H. Rijkens has written two books on the subject for Dutch readers: I always get my sin and We always get our sin too.[5] See also{{Portal|Netherlands}}
References1. ^1 [https://unravellingmag.com/articles/steenkolen-engels/ "Steenkolen Engels"], by Tope Adebola, February 12, 2015 {{interlanguage varieties}}{{English dialects by continent}}2. ^1 2 {{cite book | title =The Undutchables |author1=White, C. |author2=Boucke, L. | location =Amsterdam, Netherlands | publisher =Nijgh and Van Ditmar | year =2011 | isbn =9789038894324 }} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Bruce Donaldson|title=Colloquial Dutch: A Complete Language Course|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6oAawATeU4C&pg=PA171|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-68299-5|pages=171}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EjyS6PP-Ro |title=Eneco commercial - 'From the wind, we can not live' |publisher=Youtube.com |date=2009-11-11 |accessdate=2013-12-10}} 5. ^{{cite web|author=Maarten H. Rijkens (Author) |url=https://www.amazon.com/I-Always-Get-My-Sin/dp/9045305615 |title=I always get my sin |publisher=Amazon.com |date=2006-01-01 |accessdate=2013-12-10}} 2 : Macaronic forms of English|Dutch language |
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