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词条 Peruvian Army
释义

  1. History

     Independence  19th century  20th century  21st century 

  2. Organization

      Región Militar del Norte    Región Militar del Centro    Región Militar del Sur    Región Militar del Oriente    Region Militar V  

  3. Personnel

  4. Ranks

  5. Equipment

     Infantry weapons  Pistols  Shotguns  Assault rifles and carbines  Battle and sniper rifles  Submachine guns  Machine guns  Portable anti-materiel weapons  Vehicles  Armoured Vehicles  Light Utility Vehicles  Artillery  Anti-tank weapons  Air-defense systems   Army aviation  

  6. Future Equipment

  7. Heroes and Patrons

  8. Anthem of the Army

  9. See also

  10. Notes

  11. Sources

  12. External links

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Peruvian Army
Ejército del Perú
| image=
| image_size = 150
|caption=
|dates= 1821–present
|country= {{Flagu|Peru}}
|allegiance={{Flagicon image|Presidential Standard of Peru.svg}} President of Peru
|branch=
|type= Army
|role=
|size= 78,400 active
|equipment_label=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=Hasta quemar el último cartucho ({{Lang-en|"Until the last cartridge has been fired"}})
|colors= Red and white
|march= "Himno del Ejército del Perú"[1]
|mascot=
|battles=Peruvian War of Independence
Gran Colombia–Peru War
War of the Confederation
Chincha Islands War
War of the Pacific
Colombo-peruvian war
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
Internal conflict in Peru
Cenepa War
|anniversaries= December 9, Army Day
June 7, Battle of Arica and National Flag Day
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|commander1= César Astudillo Salcedo
|commander1_label= Commanding General of the Army
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|notable_commanders= José de San Martín
(founding Commanding General)
|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=Flag
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=
}}

The Peruvian Army ({{lang-es|Ejército del Perú}}, abbreviated EP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with safeguarding the independence, sovereignty and integrity of national territory on land through military force. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping operations. It celebrates the anniversary of the Battle of Ayacucho (1824) on December 9.

History

Military traditions in Peruvian territory go back to prehispanic times, ranging from small armed bands to the large armies assembled by the Inca Empire. After the Spanish conquest, small garrisons were kept at strategic locations but no standing army existed until the Bourbon reforms of the 18th century. The main purpose of this force was the defense of the Viceroyalty from pirates and corsairs as well as internal rebellions.

Independence

{{Peruvian Army}}

The Ejército del Perú was officially established on August 18, 1821 when the government of general José de San Martín established the Legión Peruana de la Guardia (Peruvian Guard Legion), although some militia units had been formed before. Peruvian troops were key participants in the final campaign against Spanish rule in South America, under the leadership of general Simón Bolívar, which ended victoriously in the battles of Junín and Ayacucho in 1824.

19th century

After the War of Independence the strong position of the Army and the lack of solid political institutions meant that every Peruvian president until 1872 held some military rank. The Ejército del Perú also had a major role in the definition of national borders by participating in several wars against neighbor countries. This included an indecisive conflict against the Gran Colombia (1828–1829), the wars of the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy (1836–1839), two invasions of Bolivia (1827–1828 and 1841) and a brief occupation of Ecuador (1859–1860). Starting in 1842, increased state revenues from guano exports allowed the expansion and modernization of the Army, as well as the consolidation of its political power. These improvements were an important factor in the defeat of a Spanish naval expedition at the Battle of Callao (1866). However, continuous overspending and a growing public debt led to a chronic fiscal crisis in the 1870s which severely affected defense budgets. The consequent lack of military preparedness combined with bad leadership were major causes of Peru's defeat against Chile in the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). The reconstruction of the Army started slowly after the war due to a general lack of funds. A major turning point in this process was the arrival in 1896 of a French Military Mission contracted by president Nicolás de Piérola. By 1900 the peacetime strength of the army was evaluated at six infantry battalions (nearly 2,000 soldiers), two regiments and four squadrons and cavalry (between six and seven hundred soldiers), and one artillery regiment (just over 500 soldiers) for a total of 3,075 personnel.[2] A military school was reportedly operating in the Chorrillos District of Lima and French officers were continuing to assist in the army's reorganization.{{sfn|Keltie|1900|p=887}}

20th century

During the early years of the 20th century the Peruvian Army underwent a series of reforms under the guidance of the French Military Mission which operated in the periods 1896-1914, 1919–1924 and 1932-1939. Changes included the streamlining of the General Staff, the establishment of the Escuela Superior de Guerra (War College) in 1904, the creation of four military regions (North, Center, South and Orient) in 1905 and a general professionalization of the military career. Improvements such as these were instrumental in the good performance of the Army in border skirmishes with Colombia (1911 and 1932) and a major war against Ecuador (1941).

Even though the Peruvian Army was not involved in World War II, this conflict had a significant effect in its development, mainly through the replacement of French military influence by that of the United States. A US military mission started operations in 1945 followed by an influx of surplus American military equipment delivered as military aid or sold at a very low cost.

Washington also established itself as the leader of continental defense through the creation of the Inter-American Defense Board in 1942 and the signing of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance in 1947. A parallel development was the founding in 1950 of the Centro de Altos Estudios Militares (CAEM, Center of High Military Studies) for the formation of officers in the major problems of the nation beyond those related to its military defense.

The Peruvian Army was the main protagonist of the Gobierno Revolucionario de las Fuerzas Armadas (Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces), an institutionalized military government that ruled the country between 1968 and 1980. During this period, defense expenditures underwent exponential growth allowing a rapid expansion of the Armed Forces and an unprecedented level of weapon acquisitions. In the early 1970s, US influence over the Army was replaced by a massive influx of Soviet training and equipment, including T-55 tanks, the BM-21 Grad, AK series rifles and the BTR series APCs plus a new Soviet-styled national military strategy of regaining the lost southern provinces which were now part of Chile. Political power returned to the civilians in the 1980s, but the rise of the terrorist insurgent group Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) prompted the deployment of several Army units in a counter-insurgency role. Human rights violations associated with this intervention and a sharp decrease in the defense budget due to a general economic crisis caused serious problems for the Army morale and readiness as well as a strain on civil-military relations.

The presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000) saw the Army regain protagonism in the public scene, but its increased political power led to some cases of corruption. The internal conflict ceased for the most part after the capture in 1992 of Abimael Guzmán, leader of the terrorist group Shining Path, but a brief border war with Ecuador broke out in 1995. During this period, women were incorporated into the Army first as conscripts in 1993 and then as officers in 1997. Army commandos had an important participation in operation Chavín de Huantar which put an end to the Japanese embassy hostage crisis. In 1999, one year after the signing of a peace treaty with Ecuador conscription was abolished and replaced by a voluntary military service for both genders.

21st century

The downfall of the Alberto Fujimori regime left the Peruvian Army in a difficult state, with some of its senior officers compromised in scandals of corruption and human rights violations. Several reforms were undertaken during the presidencies of Valentín Paniagua (2000–2001) and Alejandro Toledo (2001–2006), among them the prosecution of criminal cases related to the military, the reorganization of the military rank system and an increased civilian supervision through a revamped Ministry of Defense. The outcome of this and other initiatives is a major factor of order, major preparation, new equipment and development of the Ejército del Perú. G-3 America (G3 and Associates International Corporation) facilitated the incorporation of new technology to eliminate or reduce terrorism. They have been working tenaciously in getting the right equipment for the Armed Forces while working with the US State Department and US companies to accomplish it.

The Ollanta Humalla administration has also had the Army engaged in training members of Peru's indigenous peoples for the duties of national defense as well as, through the BECA 18 program, helping to reduce poverty while teaching the youth of the values of national service. His term also saw the revival of the Army's modernization process with the arrival of the Type 81 MRL, pushing its BM-21s into retirement.

{{clear}}

Organization

The current Commanding General of the Peruvian Army is General Ricardo Moncada Oblitas.Land forces are subordinated to the Ministry of Defense and ultimately to the President as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. They are organized as follows:

  • Comandancia General del Ejército (Army General Command)
  • Estado Mayor General del Ejército (Army General Staff)
  • Inspectoría General del Ejército (Army General Inspectorate)
  • Secretaría General del Ejército (Army General Secretariat)

Operational units are assigned to one of the following military regions, which are directly subordinate to the Army General Command through the Ground Operations Command.

Región Militar del Norte

North Military Region and 1st Division, headquartered at Piura

  • 1st Cavalry Brigade (Sullana)
  • 1st Infantry Brigade (Tumbes)
  • 7th Infantry Brigade (Lambayeque)
  • 32nd Infantry Brigade (Trujillo)
  • 6th Jungle Brigade (El Milagro)
  • 9th Armored Brigade

Región Militar del Centro

Central/North Central Military Region and 2nd Division, headquartered at Lima

  • 18th Armored Brigade (Lima)
  • 2nd Infantry Brigade (Ayacucho)
  • 1st Special Forces Brigade (Lima)
  • 3rd Special Forces Brigade (Tarapoto)
  • 1st Army Aviation Brigade (Callao)
  • 1st Life Dragoon Guards Escort Cavalry Regiment of the President of Peru "Field Marshal Domingo Nieto" (Lima)
  • Guards Brigade of the Army "Peruvian Legion of the Guard" (Lima)
    • 1st Mechanized Cavalry Regiment "Junin Hussars" (Peru's Liberators) (Lima)
    • 1st Mechanized Infantry Battalion Peruvian Legion of the Guard
    • 1st Artillery Battery (Separate)
  • 1st Combined Arms Brigade
  • 21st Infantry Brigade (Reserve)

Región Militar del Sur

South Military Region and 3rd division, headquartered at Arequipa

  • 3rd Armored Brigade (Moquegua)
  • 6th Armored Brigade
  • 3rd Cavalry Brigade (Tacna)
  • 4th Mountain Brigade (Puno)
  • 5th Mountain Brigade (Cuzco)
  • 6th Special Forces Brigade
  • 3rd Divisional Communications Brigade
  • 3rd Divisional Air Defense Artillery

Región Militar del Oriente

Eastern Military Region and 5th Division, headquartered at Iquitos

  • 5th Jungle Brigade (Iquitos)
  • 35th Jungle Brigade
  • 115th Logistics Brigade

Region Militar V

4th (South Central) Military Region and Division

  • 2nd Infantry Brigade
  • 31st Infantry Brigade
  • 32nd Engineering Brigade
  • 33rd Infantry Brigade

Personnel

Personnel (as of 2001)[3]
Commissioned Officers6,231
Non-commissioned officers13,586
Cadets1,090
NCO in training1,000
Enlisted54,321
Civilians11,480
Total76,228 (excl. civilians)

Ranks

{{Main|Military ranks of Peru}}
  • Ranks of the officers, sub-officers and others enlisted of the Army. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090508052549/http://www.ejercito.mil.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=39]
Officers
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Peru}}
Enlisted
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Peru}}

Equipment

Infantry weapons

{{unreferenced section|date=October 2009}}

Pistols

ModelImageCaliberOriginTypeDetails
Beretta 92 9×19mm Parabellum Italy}} Semi-automatic pistol
Browning Hi-Power 9×19mm Parabellum Belgium}} Semi-automatic pistol
FN Five-seveN FN 5.7×28mm Belgium}} Semi-automatic pistol
Smith & Wesson M&P9 9×19mm Parabellum United States}} Semi-automatic pistol

Shotguns

ModelImageCaliberOriginTypeDetails
Winchester 1300 12-gauge United States}} Pump-action shotgun Parachute Commandos and Special Forces[4]

Assault rifles and carbines

ModelImageCaliberOriginTypeDetails
AKM7.62×39mmUSSR}}Assault rifle Standard issue rifle of military police.[4]
F2000 5.56×45mm NATO Belgium}}Assault rifle Special forces
FAD 5.56×45mm NATO Peru}} Modular Assault Rifle Limited prototype production of 2090 rifles.
FN FAL 50.627.62×51mm NATOBelgium}}Battle rifleStandard issue rifle[4]
FN SCAR-L
FN SCAR-H		5.56×45mm NATO
7.62×51mm NATO		Belgium}} Assault rifle
Battle rifle 		8,000 SCAR-H for army, 250 SCAR-L for special forces[5][6]
Galil ACE 5.56×45mm NATO Israel}} Assault rifle
Galil SAR 5.56×45mm NATO Israel}} Assault rifle Special forces[4]
M16A25.56×45mm NATOUnited States}} Assault rifle
M4A1 5.56×45mm NATO United States}} Assault rifle
SAR-21 5.56×45mm NATO Singapore}} Assault rifle Special forces
Zastava M21 5.56×45mm NATO Serbia}} Assault rifle [7]

Battle and sniper rifles

ModelImageCaliberOriginTypeDetails
Accuracy International Arctic WarfareAccuracy International AW50.50 BMGUnited Kingdom}}Sniper rifleAnti-material rifle[4]
Barrett M82.50 BMGUnited States}}Anti-materiel rifle
FAL 50.00
FAL 50.41 / FALO		 7.62×51mm NATO Belgium}}Battle rifle
G3 7.62×51mm NATO Germany}} Battle rifle
SR-99 Galatz 7.62×51mm NATO Israel}} Sniper rifle [4]
Steyr SSG 697.62×51mm NATOAustria}}Sniper rifle[4]

Submachine guns

ModelImageCaliberOriginTypeDetails
Beretta PM12S 9×19mm Parabellum Italy}} Submachine gun
BXP 9×19mm Parabellum South Africa}} Submachine gun
MP5A4
MP5A5
MP5SD
MP5K 		9×19mm Parabellum Germany}} Submachine gun
P90 5.7×28mm Belgium}} Submachine gun Parachute Commandos and Special Forces[4]
Uzi 9×19mm Parabellum Israel}} Submachine gun

Machine guns

ModelImageCaliberOriginTypeDetails
FN
Minimi 		5.56×45mm NATO Belgium}} Light machine gun [4]
Ultimax 100 5.56×45mm NATO Singapore}} Light machine gun
Mini-SS 5.56×45mm NATO South Africa}} Light machine gun
Browning M1919A4
Browning M1919A4A6 		.30-06 Springfield United States}} Medium machine gun
Heckler & Koch HK21E 7.62×51mm NATO Germany}} General purpose machine gun
PK
PKM 		7.62×54mmR USSR}} General purpose machine gun [4]
MAG 7.62×51mm NATO Belgium}} General purpose machine gun
M2 .50 BMG (12.7×99mm NATO) United States}} Heavy machine gun
DShK 12.7×108mm USSR}} Heavy machine gun

Portable anti-materiel weapons

ModelImageCaliberOriginTypeDetails
MGL
MGL-6
XRGL-40 		40mm South Africa}} Grenade launcher
Type 87 grenade launcher 35x32mm China}} Grenade launcher
M203 grenade launcher 40mm United States}} Grenade launcher
RPG-22 Neto 72.5 mm USSR}} Rocket-propelled grenade[4]
RPG-7V 85mm USSR}} Rocket-propelled grenade Airtronic RPG-7[8] and RPG-7V variants[4]
Alcotán-100 100mm Spain}} Anti-tank rocket launcher74 launchers with 660 rockets, for cavalry, mountain infantry, special forces[9]
Panzerfaust 3 110mm Germany}}Anti-tank rocket launcher 181 launchers with 1,700 rockets, for armored infantry and special forces[9]

Vehicles

Armoured Vehicles

Name ImageTypeVersionQuantityOriginDetails
T-54/T-55 MBT T-55 50 (300)[10]USSR}} From the total of 300, only 50 in service.
AMX-13 Light tank 96[11] France}}
M-113A1 APC M-113A1 120[12]United States}}
M3 Half-track APC M-3A1 50 United States}}
UR-416 APC UR-416 150[13] Germany}}
Fiat 6614 APC Fiat 6614-G 60 Italy}}
BRDM-2/Malyutka Armored car 30 USSR}}
Fiat 6616 Armored car Fiat 6616-H 70 Italy}}
M8 Greyhound
(M-20 Greyhound ) 		Armored car 60 (6) United States}}
BTR-60 APC 12 USSR}}

Light Utility Vehicles

Name ImageTypeVersionQuantityOriginDetails
HMMWV Light utility vehicle M1165 112 United States}}
Jeep J8 Light utility vehicle 38[14]United States}}

Artillery

Name ImageTypeVersionQuantityOriginDetails
OTO Melara Mod 56 105 mm pack howitzer M56 24 Italy}}
M101 howitzer 105 mm howitzer >M-2A1 63 United States}}
Yugoimport M56 105 mm howitzer M-56 72 Yugoslavia}} Copy of the M101A1
D30 122 mm howitzer D30 Lyagushka 36 USSR}}
M46 130 mm gun M46 36 USSR}}
Mk F3 155mm 155 mm howitzer Mk F3 12 France}}
M109 howitzer 155 mm self-propelled howitzer M109A2 12 United States}}
9K132 Portable single-tube launcher Grad-1P Partisan 20 USSR}}
RO-107 107 mm multiple rocket launcher Denel RO-107 Mechem 4 South Africa}}
BM-21 Grad 122 mm multiple rocket launcher BM-21 24 USSR}} only 14 in service.
Type 81 122 mm multiple rocket launcher Type 90B 40 China}} Replacing BM-21[15][16]
BM-13 Katyusha 132 mm multiple rocket launcher BM-13 Katyusha 2 USSR}}

Anti-tank weapons

Name ImageTypeVersionQuantityOriginDetails
M40A2 106 mm recoilless rifle M40A2 36 United States}}
Carl Gustav M2 84 mm recoilless rifle Gustav M2 6 Sweden}}
SPG-9 73 mm recoilless rifle SPG-9 (Копё) 2 USSR}}Very small quantity[4]
9K11 Malyutka Anti-tank guided weapon AT-3 Sagger B 1800 missiles USSR}} Being replaced by Kornet and Spike ATGMs
Kornet Anti-tank guided weapon Kornet-E 288 missiles Russia}}
Spike Anti-tank guided weapon MR
LR		 288 missiles[17] Israel}}

Air-defense systems

Name ImageTypeVersionQuantityOriginDetails
ZSU-23-4 Shilka 23 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun 32 Russia}}
ZU-23-2 23mm towed anti-aircraft twin autocannon 80 USSR}}
Bofors 40 mm Anti-aircraft autocannon L/60 40 28 Sweden}}
9K38 Igla MANPADS SA-18 Grouse
SA-16 Gimlet 		200 missiles Russia}}
QW-1 Vanguard MANPADS CPMIEC QW-18 18 China}}
Grom MANPADS 150 on order Poland}} 150 sets of missiles and firing systems, plus another 96 missiles in launch containers. To be delivered March 2014.[18]
Poprad Self-propelled anti-aircraft vehicle 6 on order Poland}} Each equipped with 4 Grom missiles. To be delivered March 2014.[18]
S-125 Neva/Pechora SAM 14 Russia}}
SPYDER SAM 1 battery on order Israel}} Includes 6 launcher trucks, 1 radar truck, and 1 resupply truck. To be delivered March 2014.[18][19]

Army aviation

The Peruvian army aviation (Aviación del Ejército Peruano) was formed in 1971 to support army ground units. A large number of MI-8 Hip Cs were purchased in the mid-1970s to provide an airborne assault assets. This led to the purchase of the MI-17 which now makes up much of the army transport fleet. A number of Aerospatiale SA 315Bs are used for training purposes, also used in the training role are nine Enstrom F28F Falcons that were received in 1992. The mainstay of long range army logistics are three AN-32s acquired in 1994.

Aircraft Inventory
AircraftImageOriginTypeVersionIn serviceDetails
Hawker Beechcraft 1900DUnited States}} Custom, VIP, MEDEVAC Beechcraft 1900D 1 Acquisition 2010 for 1, and the amount was $2,694,500.[5]
Cessna 150United States}} Training 150/152 3
Cessna 172 SkyhawkUnited States}} Training 172 Skyhawk 2 Acquisition 2010 for 2, and the amount was $249,500, each.[5]
Cessna 182United States}} Training 172 Skyhawk 1 Acquisition 2010 for 1.
Robinson R-44United States}} Training R44 3
Enstrom F-28United States}} Training helicopter Enstron F-28F Falcon 4 Acquisition 2010 for 2 new factory, $400,000 each. Acquisition 2011 for 2 used, $250,000 each.[5]
Cessna 208 CaravanUnited States}} Liaison 208B Amphibious 1Acquisition 2009, for $1,550,000
Cessna 303 CrusaderUnited States}} Liaison T303 Crusader 2
Piper PA-31TUnited States}} Liaison Cheyenne II 2
Piper PA-34TUnited States}} Liaison Seneca III 1
Ilyushin Il-103Russia}} Trainer Il-103 5All in storage
Antonov An-28Poland}} Transport An-28 2All in storage
Antonov An-32Ukraine}} Transport An-32B 2
Beechcraft Super King AirUnited States}} VIP transport B300 1
Agusta A109Italy}} Light attack helicopter A-109K 4 In storage
Mil Mi-2Poland}} Training helicopter Mi-2 6 All in storage
Mil Mi-17Russia}} Transport helicopter Mi-17 23 only 9 in services
Mil Mi-171Russia}} Transport helicopter Mi-171Sh - Mi 171Sh-P 3 + 24 16 in services
Mil Mi-26Russia}} Heavy transport helicopter Mi-26 3 All in storage

Future Equipment

Peru is expected to acquire between 120 and 170 tanks, Russian T-90S, US M1A1 Abrams, Spanish Leopard 2A4s and Dutch Leopard 2E6s, as well as Ukrainian T-64E and T-84 MBTs are under consideration.[20] By September 2013, the Leopard 2A4/6 entries were disqualified due to logistical complexities. Current contenders are the Ukrainian T-84, Russian T-90S or T-80, and the American M1A1 Abrams.[21] In late September 2013, the South Korean K2 Black Panther was entered in the competition.[22] In October 2015, China offered the MBT-3000 tank for the competition.[23]

Russia is pushing for the sale of 110 BTR-80A armored personnel carriers to Peru. Peru is also looking to replace its SA-3 air defense systems.[24] Peru has requested information from Russia about the BTR-80A and BMP-3.[25]

The Peruvian Ministry of Defence has awarded a USD$67 million contract to General Dynamics Land Systems-Canada for 32 Light Armoured Vehicles (LAVs) for the Peruvian Marines. The contract was signed through the Canadian Commercial Corporation, a Crown corporation of the Government of Canada.[26]

Heroes and Patrons

  • Patron of the Army: Francisco Bolognesi Cervantes
  • Patron of the Infantry branch: Andrés A. Cáceres Dorregaray
  • Patron of the Cavalry branch: Ramón Castilla y Marquezado
  • Patron of the Artillery branch: José Joaquín Inclán Gonzáles Vigil
  • Patron of the Engineering branch: Pedro Ruiz Gallo
  • Patron of the Communications branch: José Olaya
  • Patron of the Legal Service: Mariano Melgar
  • Patron of the Health Service: José Casimiro Ulloa Bucello
  • Patron of the War Material Service: Leoncio Prado Gutiérrez
  • Patron of the Intendancy Service: Pedro Muñiz Sevilla

Anthem of the Army

Spanish lyrics

El ejército unido a la historia

por fecunda y viril tradición,

se corona con lauros de gloria

al forjar una libre nación.

El ejército unido a la historia

por fecunda y viril tradición,

se corona con lauros de gloria

al forjar una libre nación.

Se corona con lauros de gloria

al forjar una libre nación.

Evocando un pasado glorioso

del Incario su antiguo esplendor,

Ayacucho, Junín, Dos de Mayo

libertad conquistó con valor.

Zarumilla, La Breña y Arica

gestas son que a la historia legó

Bolognesi ¡oh, sublime soldado!

por patrono ejemplar te aclamó.

El ejército unido a la historia

por fecunda y viril tradición,

se corona con lauros de gloria

al forjar una libre nación.

El ejército unido a la historia

por fecunda y viril tradición,

se corona con lauros de gloria

al forjar una libre nación.

Se corona con lauros de gloria

al forjar una libre nación.

Las fronteras altivo defiende

cual guardián del honor nacional

de su pueblo recibe las armas

y es bastión de justicia social.

Soy soldado que en filas milito

y un deber tengo yo que cumplir,

a la patria vivir consagrado

y por ella luchar a morir.

El ejército unido a la historia

por fecunda y viril tradición,

se corona con lauros de gloria

al forjar una libre nación.

El ejército unido a la historia

por fecunda y viril tradición,

se corona con lauros de gloria

al forjar una libre nación.

Se corona con lauros de gloria

al forjar una libre nación.

English translation

The army united to history

by a fecund and virile tradition,

is being crowned with laurels of glory

by forging a free nation.

The army united to history

by a fecund and virile tradition,

is being crowned with laurels of glory

by forging a free nation.

Is being crowned with laurels of glory

by forging a free nation.

Evoking a glorious past

from the Incas its ancient splendor,

Ayacucho, Junín, Dos de Mayo

liberty conquered with bravery.

Zarumilla, La Breña and Arica

The heroic deeds are bequeathed to history

By Bolognesi, oh, sublime soldier!

As exemplary patron, you're acclaimed.

The army united to history

by a fecund and virile tradition,

is being crowned with laurels of glory

by forging a free nation.

The army united to history

by a fecund and virile tradition,

is being crowned with laurels of glory

by forging a free nation.

Is being crowned with laurels of glory

by forging a free nation.

The borders he proudly defends

like a guardian of national honor

from his people receives the arms

and is bastion of social justice.

I am soldier who in these militate ranks

and a duty I have to fulfill,

to the Fatherland I shall live consecrated

and for it I will fight to the death.

The army united to history

by a fecund and virile tradition,

is being crowned with laurels of glory

by forging a free nation.

The army united to history

by a fecund and virile tradition,

is being crowned with laurels of glory

by forging a free nation.

Is being crowned with laurels of glory

by forging a free nation.

See also

  • Cenepa War
  • Ecuadorian-Peruvian war
  • Paquisha War
  • War of the Pacific

Notes

1. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UDHef-kQHY
2. ^Keltie, J.S., ed. The Stateman's Year Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1900. New York: MacMillan, 1900. p 887. (Retrieved via Google Books 3/4/11.)
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.resdal.org/art-rial.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-09-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210407/http://www.resdal.org/art-rial.htm |archivedate=2007-09-27 |df= }}, based on Supreme Decree DS No. 69 DE/SG of 2001.
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{Cite journal|last=Montes|first=Julio A.|date=August 2011|title=Peruvian Small Arms: Gunning for the Shining Path|url=http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/peru.pdf|journal=Small Arms Defense Journal|volume=|pages=25-29|via=}}
5. ^1 2 3 Programas de modernización y principales adquisiciones de las FAS de Perú. defensa.com (2011-05-12). Retrieved on 2011-05-15.
6. ^{{cite web|title=FN herstal to supply Scar-L and FN40GL to Peru 83108173 {{!}} August 2017 Global Defence & Security Industry - Military - Army News {{!}} Defense Security global news industry army 2017 {{!}} Archive News year|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/august_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/fn_herstal_to_supply_scar-l_and_fn40gl_to_peru_83108173.html|website=www.armyrecognition.com|accessdate=19 November 2017|language=en-gb}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Drustvo/32109/NATO-vojnici-nose-srpske-puske-|title=Blic Online - NATO vojnici nose srpske puške|work=Blic Online|accessdate=24 December 2014}}
8. ^USA Now An Exporter Of The RPG-7 - Thefirearmblog.com, 1 August 2013
9. ^1 Peru receives, displays new anti-tank weapons - Janes.com, 4 August 2013
10. ^{{cite book|title=Financial Times World Desk Reference|last1=Heritage|first1=Andrew|date=December 2002|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|year=|isbn=9780789488053|location=|pages=462-465}}
11. ^The Military Balance 2016, p.410
12. ^The Military Balance 2016, p.410
13. ^The Military Balance 2016, p.410
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.andina.com.pe/agencia/noticia-peru-receives-usj8-vehicle-fleet-for-war-on-drugs-482836.aspx|title=Peru receives U.S.-J8 vehicle fleet for war on drugs|date=16 November 2013|accessdate=7 December 2013|publisher=Andina|location=Lima}}
15. ^Peru; Army acquired Chinese 122mm MLRS {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222141336/http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8894:peru-army-acquired-chinese-122mm-mlrs&catid=35:latin-america&Itemid=58 |date=2015-12-22 }} - Dmilt.com, 1 January 2014
16. ^Peruvian army selects Chinese Type 90B 122mm MLRS Launch Rocket System to replace BM-21 - Armyrecognition.com, 13 January 2014
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI arms transfer database|date=Information generated on 25 August 2011|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|accessdate=25 August 2011}}
18. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Perus-Next-Generation-Air-Defenses-07339/|title=Peru’s Next-Generation Air Defenses|date=21 March 2012|work=Defense Industry Daily|accessdate=24 December 2014}}
19. ^Peru Goes Wide For Air Defense Needs - Strategypage.com, April 5, 2012
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.strategicdefenceintelligence.com/article/7WPl064INg2/2013/05/17/russia_offers_t-90s_main_battle_tank_to_peruvian_army/|title=Russia offers T-90S main battle tank to Peruvian Army|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224215237/http://www.strategicdefenceintelligence.com/article/7WPl064INg2/2013/05/17/russia_offers_t-90s_main_battle_tank_to_peruvian_army/|archivedate=24 December 2014|df=}}
21. ^Peru; Future main battle tank projects lags on despite criticism {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033434/http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7865%3Aperu-future-main-battle-tank-projects-lags-on-despite-criticism&catid=35%3Alatin-america&Itemid=58 |date=2013-09-28 }} - Dmilt.com, 2 September 2013
22. ^Peru; Korean contender enters MBT competition {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002230115/http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8063%3Aperu-korean-contender-enters-mbt-competition&catid=35%3Alatin-america&Itemid=58 |date=2013-10-02 }} - Dmilt.com, 30 September 2013
23. ^China has offered its VT4 main battle tank to replace old T-55 of Peruvian army - Armyrecognition.com, 12 October 2015
24. ^Russia to promote Pantsir-S1 air defense system to Brazil and T-90S main battle tank to Peru - Armyrecognition.com, 9 October 2013
25. ^Peru; Army mulls BTR-80 and BMP-3 procurement {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222065553/http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9204:peru-army-mulls-btr-80-and-bmp-3-procurement&catid=35:latin-america&Itemid=58 |date=2014-02-22 }} - Dmilt.com, 5 February 2014
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://worlddefencenews.blogspot.com/2014/07/general-dynamics-awarded-67mn-by.html|title=World Defence News: General Dynamics Awarded $67Mn by the Peruvian Ministry of Defence for Light Armoured Vehicles|author=Nathan Gain|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}

Sources

  • {{es icon}} Basadre, Jorge, Historia de la República del Perú. Editorial Universitaria, 1983.
  • {{es icon}} Cobas, Efraín, Las Fuerzas Armadas Peruanas en el Siglo XXI. CESLA, 2003.
  • Cruz, César, "Latin America Air Forces Survey - Peru". Air Forces Monthly 220: 77-78 (July 2006).
  • International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2000-2001. IISS, 2000.
  • {{es icon}} Mejía, Lewis and César Cruz, "La Aviación del Ejército del Perú".
    Defensa 290: 42-48 (June 2002).
  • {{es icon}} Ministerio de Defensa del Perú, Libro blanco de la defensa nacional.
    http://www.mindef.gob.pe/lb_2005/index.htm{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  • {{es icon}} Rial, Juan, Los militares tras el fin del régimen de Fujimori-Montesinos.
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210407/http://www.resdal.org/art-rial.htm
  • {{es icon}} Tecnología Militar, N°1/2006 {{ISSN|0722-2904}}
  • {{es icon}} Marchessini, Alejo, "Plan Bolognesi: Actualidad y Futuro del Ejército del Peru". Defensa 347 (March 2007).
  • Aircraft information files Brightstar publishing File 344 sheet 4

External links

{{commons category|Army of Peru}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20081208123716/http://www.ejercito.mil.pe/ Official Peruvian Army Website]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090810035932/http://maquina-de-combate.com/fotos_y_videos/Ejercito-del-Peru Maquina de Combate]
  • Latin American Light Weapons National Inventories
{{Peruvian Armed Forces}}{{Armies in Latin America}}

2 : Peruvian Army|1821 establishments in Peru
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