| 词条 | Peter T. Washburn |
| 释义 |
|name = Peter T. Washburn |image = Peter T Washburn.jpg |caption = Engraving circa 1865 by Henry Bryan Hall and Sons (New York, NY) |order1 = 31st |office1 = Governor of Vermont |term_start1 = October 15, 1869 |term_end1 = February 7, 1870 |lieutenant1 = George W. Hendee |predecessor1 = John B. Page |successor1 = George W. Hendee |office2 = Member of the Vermont House of Representatives |term_start2 = 1853 |term_end2 = 1855 |predecessor2 = Thomas E. Powers |successor2 = Thomas E. Powers |office3 = Reporter of Decisions for the Vermont Supreme Court |term_start3 = 1844 |term_end3 = 1852 |predecessor3 = William Slade |successor3 = John F. Deane |office4 = Assistant Clerk of the Vermont House of Representatives |term_start4 = 1840 |term_end4 = 1842 |predecessor4 = Ambrose L. Brown |successor4 = William C. Bradlee |birth_date = {{Birth date|1814|9|7|mf=y}} |birth_place = Lynn, Massachusetts |death_date = {{death date and age|1870|2|7|1814|9|7|mf=y}} |death_place = Woodstock, Vermont |resting_place = River Street Cemetery, Woodstock, Vermont |spouse = Almira E. Ferris Almira P. Hopkins |children = 5 |education = Dartmouth College |profession = Attorney |party = Whig (before 1855) Republican (from 1855) |allegiance = United States Union (American Civil War) |branch = Vermont Militia Union Army |serviceyears = 1837-1841, 1857-1861, 1861-1866 (Militia) 1861 (Army) |rank = Brigadier General |battles = American Civil War
}} Peter Thacher Washburn (September 7, 1814 – February 7, 1870) was a Vermont lawyer, politician and soldier. A veteran of the American Civil War, he was elected Governor of Vermont as a Republican in 1869, and was the first Vermont Governor to die in office. Washburn was a native of Lynn, Massachusetts, and was raised in Ludlow, Vermont. he graduated from Dartmouth College in 1835, and taught school while studying law. He was admitted to the bar in 1838, and practiced law, first in Ludlow and then in Woodstock, while also becoming active in politics as a Whig. In addition to campaigning for Whigs including William Henry Harrison, Washburn held elected and appointed offices, including Reporter of Decisions for the Vermont Supreme Court and member of the Vermont House of Representatives. In addition to pursuing a political career, Washburn was active in the Vermont Militia; he was commander of a regiment with the rank of colonel in the late 1830s and early 1840s, and organized a company in anticipation of the American Civil War, which he commanded as a captain. Washburn's company was federalized in 1861 as part of the 1st Vermont Infantry; he was commissioned as the regiment's lieutenant colonel and second-in-command. He became the de facto commander after John W. Phelps was promoted to command of a brigade, and he led the regiment during its participation in the Battle of Big Bethel. Washburn was elected adjutant general of the state militia in late 1861, and led it for the rest of the war, including the state's response to the St. Albans Raid. In 1869, Washburn was the successful Republican nominee for governor. He served from October 15 until his death on February 7, 1870. His death in Woodstock was attributed to nervous exhaustion caused by overwork, and he was buried at River Street Cemetery in Woodstock. Early lifeWashburn was born in Lynn, Massachusetts on September 7, 1814, the son of Judge Reuben and Hannah Blaney (Thacher) Washburn of Cavendish, Vermont.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}} His family moved to Vermont in 1817 and settled in Ludlow, Vermont in 1825.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}} Washburn attended the public schools of Ludlow and Black River Academy,{{sfn|Memoirs of the Judiciary and the Bar of New England for the Nineteenth Century|pages=29-30}} then attended Dartmouth College. He graduated in 1835,{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}} and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa.{{sfn|Catalogue of the Fraternity of Phi Beta Kappa, Alpha of New Hampshire|page=23}} He was principal of the Haverhill Academy while studying law under his father in Ludlow, and with William Upham in Montpelier.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}} After attending Harvard Law School,{{sfn|Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Harvard University|page=8}} in 1838 Washburn was admitted to the bar and he began practicing law in Ludlow in January 1839.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}} Active in politics as a Whig, Washburn was one of the secretaries of a Windsor County convention organized to support William Henry Harrison in the 1840 presidential election.{{sfn|"The Windsor County Young Men's Whig Convention"|page=2}} From 1840 to 1842, Washburn served as Assistant Clerk of the Vermont House of Representatives.{{sfn|"Government of Vermont, 1840-41"|page=2}}{{sfn|"Legislature of Vermont: House"|page=2}} In 1844, Washburn moved to Woodstock and formed a partnership with Charles P. Marsh, which they maintained until Washburn's death in 1870.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}} Also in 1844, Washburn was elected reporter of decisions of the Vermont Supreme Court, a position he held for eight years.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}} He represented Woodstock in the Vermont House of Representatives from 1853 to 1855.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}} Washburn was also involved in civic causes, including becoming active in the temperance movement.{{sfn|"State Temperance Convention"|page=2}} He became active in the Republican Party in 1855;{{sfn|"Our County Convention"|page=2}} he was a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention, and served as chairman of the Vermont delegation.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}} Civil WarWashburn had served as colonel of a Vermont militia regiment from 1837 until 1841,{{sfn|"Military Convention"|page=3}}{{sfn|"Military Convention"|page=5}} and in 1857 he organized the Woodstock Light Infantry company, which he commanded as a captain.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}}{{sfn|"A Light Infantry Company Has Been Organized in Woodstock"|page=2}} In 1861, Washburn's unit was mustered into federal service for the American Civil War as Company B, 1st Vermont Infantry.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}} He was commissioned lieutenant colonel and second in command of the regiment on May 9, 1861.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}} The commander of the 1st Vermont, John W. Phelps, was soon promoted to brigadier general and command of a brigade, so Washburn was the regiment's de facto commander during nearly all of its three months of service at Fortress Monroe and Newport News, Virginia.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}}{{sfn|"Necrology: Peter Thacher Washburn"|page=391}} Washburn also commanded five companies of the 1st Vermont and five from the 4th Massachusetts infantry at the Battle of Big Bethel on June 10, 1861.{{sfn|"Necrology: Peter Thacher Washburn"|page=391}} He was mustered out with his regiment on August 15, 1861.{{sfn|"First Vt. Regiment"|page=1}} Later careerIn October 1861, the Vermont General Assembly elected Washburn to succeed Horace Henry Baxter as Adjutant General and Inspector General of the state militia with the rank of brigadier general.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}} During his tenure, he oversaw the raising, equipping and fielding of seven infantry regiments, one cavalry regiment, three batteries of light artillery, and two companies of sharpshooters for the Union Army.{{sfn|States at War|page=597}} Washburn also took charge of Vermont's response following the October 1864 St. Albans Raid by Confederate soldiers based in Canada.{{sfn|"Guerrilla Raid in Vermont!"|page=1}} The state responded by organizing the Frontier Cavalry and deploying it to patrol the Canadian border with Vermont and New York, and Vermont's contingent included two companies, one based in Burlington, and one in St. Albans.{{sfn|"General Order No. 6: Frontier Cavalry"|page=2}} Washburn issued a militia commission to Ann Eliza Smith, the wife of Governor J. Gregory Smith.{{sfn|"Mrs. J. G. Smith Death"|page=1}} The Smiths were residents of St. Albans, and Smith had been in the state capital of Montpelier on the day of the raid.{{sfn|"Mrs. J. G. Smith Death"|page=1}} His home was a target, and when Mrs. Smith appeared in the front doorway carrying an unloaded pistol (the only weapon she could find), the raiders decided to bypass the house.{{sfn|"Mrs. J. G. Smith Death"|page=1}} Mrs. Smith then worked to organize the people of St. Albans to mount a pursuit of the raiders, which unsuccessfully attempted to prevent them from escaping to Canada.{{sfn|"Mrs. J. G. Smith Death"|page=1}} Washburn recognized her heroism by appointing her as a brevet lieutenant colonel on the adjutant general's military staff.{{sfn|"Mrs. J. G. Smith Death"|page=1}} Under Washburn's leadership, the adjutant general's office compiled 300 bound volumes of commander's reports, accounts and other records pertaining to service members from Vermont who took part in the war.{{sfn|"Historic Record of Vermont Civil War Hero and Governor Discovered"}} Of the more than 34,000 men Vermont provided to the Union, only 75 were unaccounted for after the war.{{sfn|"Historic Record of Vermont Civil War Hero and Governor Discovered"}} In 1866, Washburn declined reelection as adjutant general.{{sfn|"The Legislature"|page=1}} He was succeeded by William Wells.{{sfn|"The Legislature"|page=1}} Washburn was one of the organizers of the Reunion Society of Vermont Officers and delivered the keynote address at the society's 1868 annual meeting.{{sfn|"Re-Union Society of Vermont Officers"|page=8}} In addition to resuming his law practice, Washburn was an organizer of the Woodstock Railroad Company, of which he was elected president.{{sfn|"Historic Record of Vermont Civil War Hero and Governor Discovered"}} He also served on the board of directors for the Rutland and Woodstock Railroad.{{sfn|"Historic Record of Vermont Civil War Hero and Governor Discovered"}} GovernorIn 1869, Washburn was a candidate for governor and won the Republican nomination at the party's state convention in June by defeating Dudley Chase Denison and Julius Converse.{{sfn|"Republican State Convention"|page=2}} He defeated Democrat Homer W. Heaton in the general election,{{sfn|"Vermont Election"|page=3}} and took office on October 15, 1869.{{sfn|"Organization of the Legislature"|page=2}} During his term, the state enacted a law changing the term for state offices including governor from one year to two.{{sfn|"Address of the Council of Censors"|page=3}} Death and burialWashburn died in Woodstock on February 7, 1870.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}} Doctors could not find a cause, and attributed his death to nervous exhaustion brought on by overwork.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}} He was interred at River Street Cemetery in Woodstock.{{sfn|"River Street Cemetery, Woodstock"}} FamilyIn 1839, Washburn was married to Almira E. Ferris (1816-1848) of Swanton, Vermont.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}}{{sfn|"Historic Record of Vermont Civil War Hero and Governor Discovered"}} In 1849, he married Almira P. Hopkins (1816-1910) of Glens Falls, New York.{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}}{{sfn|"Historic Record of Vermont Civil War Hero and Governor Discovered"}} With his first wife Washburn was the father of son Ferris (1842-1860), who died at age 18 while a student at Dartmouth College, and daughter Emily May ("Emma"), who died at age 6 (1846-1853).{{sfn|"Historic Record of Vermont Civil War Hero and Governor Discovered"}} With his second wife, Washburn was the father of four children, including Thacher (1859-1862), who died as an infant. Daughter Elizabeth (1852-1938), the wife of Thomas Wilson Dorr Worthen survived him, as did daughter Mary (1854-1941), the wife of George B. Parkinson, and son Charles (1856-1904).{{sfn|Men of Vermont Illustrated|page=99}}{{sfn|"Necrology: Peter Thacher Washburn"|page=391}} Washburn was a descendant of James Chilton through Chilton's daughter Mary.{{sfn|Register of the Society of Mayflower Descendants in the State of Ohio|page=77}} As a result of this family connection, Washburn's surviving children became members of the Society of Mayflower Descendants when it was founded in the late 1800s.{{sfn|Register of the Society of Mayflower Descendants in the State of Ohio|page=77}} ReferencesSourcesBooks
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Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Peter T. Washburn}}
14 : 1814 births|1870 deaths|Dartmouth College alumni|Vermont lawyers|Vermont Whigs|Vermont Republicans|Governors of Vermont|Members of the Vermont House of Representatives|People of Vermont in the American Civil War|National Guard of the United States officers|People from Ludlow, Vermont|Burials in Vermont|Republican Party state governors of the United States|19th-century American politicians |
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