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词条 Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs
释义

  1. Alternatives to incandescent bulbs

  2. Regional developments

      Africa    Botswana    ECOWAS    Egypt    Kenya    Morocco    Namibia    Rwanda    South Africa    Tanzania    Tunisia    Zambia    Zimbabwe    Asia    Bahrain    Bangladesh    People's Republic of China    India    Japan    Kazakhstan    Kuwait    Malaysia    North Korea    Philippines    Malaysia    Israel    Qatar    South Korea    Taiwan    Tajikistan    United Arab Emirates    Uzbekistan    Europe    European Union    Iceland    Montenegro    Norway    Russia    Switzerland    North America    Canada    Cuba    United States    Oceania    Australia    New Zealand    South America    Argentina    Bolivia    Brazil    Chile    Ecuador    Venezuela  

  3. Public opposition

      Environmental and health concerns    Cost    Heating and cooling    Dimmability  

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

Governments around the world have passed measures to phase out incandescent light bulbs for general lighting in favor of more energy-efficient lighting alternatives. Phase-out regulations effectively ban the manufacture, importation or sale of incandescent light bulbs for general lighting. Use of existing bulbs—which have a relatively short lifespan—is usually not regulated. The regulations are based on efficiency, rather than use of incandescent technology.

Brazil and Venezuela started the phase-out in 2005,{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} and the European Union, Switzerland,[1] and Australia[2] started to phase them out in 2009.[3] Likewise, other nations are implementing new energy standards or have scheduled phase-outs: Argentina,[4] and Russia in 2012, and the United States, Canada,[5] Mexico[6], Malaysia[7] and South Korea in 2014.[7]

Objections to replacement of incandescent lamps for general lighting mainly include the higher purchasing expense of alternative light bulbs. To mitigate the cost effects of these concerns, various programs have been put in place ranging from subsidies for lamps to improved standards for measurement of performance and for labelling products. Manufacturers develop fluorescent lamps with reduced mercury content compared to original designs, and recycling programs are intended to prevent mercury release. New lamp types offer improved starting characteristics, and dimmable types are available.

Alternatives to incandescent bulbs

The light from an incandescent source is similar in character to that from a Planckian "black body" in spectral distribution, that is, the bulb, as the filament heats up, produces light from wavelengths throughout the visible spectrum. Alternative light sources use phosphors or combinations of mono-chromatic LEDs (red, blue, green) to produce "white" light, giving significantly irregular spectral distributions which can result in color casts in photography and differences of color matching when compared to incandescent light or daylight.[8]{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Halogen lamps are a type of incandescent lamp with improved efficiency over regular incandescent lamps. Though not as energy efficient as other alternatives, they are up to 40 percent more efficient than standard incandescent lamps designed for a 2000-hour life.[9] Depending on size, voltage, and designed life, small low-voltage halogen lamps can have 70% higher efficacy than large line-voltage lamps. They operate at a high temperature, which may be a safety hazard in some applications.

A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) uses a fluorescent lamp tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb and contains a compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp. Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light, CFLs use one-fifth to one-third the electric power, and may last eight to fifteen times longer.[10] Newer phosphor formulations have improved the perceived color, with "soft white" CFLs judged subjectively similar to standard incandescent lamps.[11] Objections more specifically relating to compact fluorescent light bulbs include the different quality of light produced by phosphor-based lamps compared to incandescent lamps[12] and that compact fluorescent light bulbs contain small amounts of mercury, a potent neurotoxin, which is especially dangerous to children and pregnant women, and made more serious by the confined area mercury would be dispersed in the event of a breakage indoors.[13] Environmental concerns about mercury contamination from CFLs have been raised,[14][15] but they can be shown to emit less mercury into the environment overall compared to traditional incandescent bulbs, due to the significant reductions in power plant emissions.[16] Compact fluorescent lamps start poorly when cold, and most types cannot be dimmed. A few specialist applications are unsuitable for CFLs.

Light emitting diode (LED) lamps are used for both general and special-purpose lighting. Their advantages over fluorescent bulbs[17] are that they contain no mercury, they turn on instantly at any temperature, their extremely long lifetime is unaffected by cycling on and off, they have no glass to break, and they do not emit UV rays that fade colored materials.[18] LED lamps radiate much less heat than other technologies, and can be either multi-directional or unidirectional, eliminating the need for a mirrored reflector in the bulb or fixture.[19] LED lamps can emit saturated colored light. Disadvantages include spectrum limitations due to discrete emission colors. Their purchase cost was much higher than other bulbs, but decreases steadily over the years.

Regional developments

Africa

Botswana

Botswana has an exchange program distributing CFL bulbs.[20]

ECOWAS

Of the members of ECOWAS, Cape Verde, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Benin and Togo have had exchange programs to replace incandescent bulbs with energy efficient versions.[21][22] Ghana banned incandescent bulbs in 2008 and Senegal has banned the manufacture and import.[21]

Egypt

Egypt is reported to have a partial ban on incandescent light bulbs.[23]

Kenya

Kenya has a programme to exchange a number of light bulbs with more efficient types.[24]

Morocco

Morocco has a programme to exchange a number of light bulbs with more efficient types.[25]

Namibia

Namibia has an exchange program which distributed 1 million energy saving bulbs in 2016.[26]

Rwanda

Rwanda has an exchange program, distributing CFL bulbs.[27]

South Africa

South Africa phased out incandescent light bulbs in 2016.[28][23]

Tanzania

Tanzania has an exchange program to replace incandescent bulbs.[29]

Tunisia

Tunisia is reported to have a partial ban on incandescent light bulbs.[23]

Zambia

Since January 2016 the importation of incandescent light bulbs has been banned in Zambia.[30]

Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe has banned incandescent light bulbs.[31]

Asia

Bahrain

Bahrain has banned incandescent light bulbs.[32]

Bangladesh

Bangladesh has an exchange program.[33]

People's Republic of China

China has banned imports and sales of certain incandescent light bulbs since October 2012 to encourage the use of alternative lighting sources such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), with a 5-year plan of phasing-out incandescent light bulbs over 100 watts starting 1 October 2012, and gradually extend the ban to those over 15 watts on 1 October 2016.[34]

Another source, however, has indicated that by 1 October 2016, all incandescent light bulbs will be banned.[35]

According to this source, 1 November 2011 to 30 September 2012 will be a transitional period and as of 1 October 2012, imports and sales of ordinary incandescent bulbs of 100 watts or more will be prohibited. The first phase will be followed by a ban on 60-watt-and-higher incandescent light bulbs starting in October 2014. By October 2016, all incandescent light bulbs will be banned in China.

The final phase may be adjusted according to the results of interim assessment from October 2015 to October 2016. It has been reported that the ban would be complete by October 2016.[36]

India

While not a complete ban, the UJALA plan in India sought to replace 770 million incandescent light bulbs with LED bulbs by 2019. This was expected to reduce energy consumption by over 100 billion kWh annually and reduce annual electricity bills by {{INRConvert|400|b}}.[37][38][39] As of April 2017, 229 million LED bulbs had been distributed across the country.

The states of Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Karnataka in India have banned the use of incandescent bulbs in government departments, public sector undertakings, various boards, cooperative institutions, local bodies, and institutions running on government aid.[40][41]

Japan

Japan will phase out incandescent light bulbs and fluorescents by 2020.[42]

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan banned all bulbs over 25W on 1 January 2014.[43]

Kuwait

As of 1 August 2017, Kuwait has banned the import of incandescent light bulbs, including halogen bulbs.[44]

Malaysia

It was reported in 2012 that Malaysia would ban incandescent bulbs by 2014.[45]

North Korea

North Korea reportedly made LED bulbs mandatory in 2014 in order to alleviate its energy crisis.[46]

Philippines

In February 2008, president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo called for a ban of incandescent light bulbs by 2010 in favor of more energy-efficient fluorescent globes to help cut greenhouse gas emissions and household costs during her closing remarks at the Philippine Energy Summit. Once put in effect, the country will be the first in Asia to do so.[47]

Malaysia

The Government will stop all production, import and sales of incandescent light bulbs by or before January 2014, as part of efforts to save power and to help cut greenhouse gas emissions.[48]

Israel

Phase out of 60W and over incandescent light bulbs has been implemented from 1 January 2012. As a measure to increase awareness a national awareness campaign has been initiated by the Ministry of Energy where three CFLs will be sold at a subsidized price to the public.[49]

Qatar

Qatar has banned incandescent light bulbs.[50]

South Korea

South Korea has phased out incandescent light bulbs under 150 watts since 2014. The government has prohibited manufacture and import of all incandescent lights. All incandescent bulbs are going to be replaced by LED and CFL light bulbs.[51]

Taiwan

Taiwan banned incandescent bulbs in 2012.[52]

Tajikistan

Tajikistan reportedly banned incandescent light bulbs in 2009 to save energy, though this was criticised as alternatives were expensive at the time.[53]

United Arab Emirates

The UAE has banned incandescent light bulbs.[54]

Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan banned the sale of light bulbs over 40W on 1 January 2017.[55]

Europe

European Union

The UK government announced in 2007 that incandescent bulbs would be phased out by 2011.[56]

In 2008, the Irish government announced a phase-out of the sale of any light bulbs with a luminous efficiency of less than 16 lumens per watt.[57] Shortly afterwards, all member states of the EU agreed to a progressive phase-out of incandescent light bulbs by 2012.[58]

The initial Europe wide ban only applied to general-purpose, non-directional incandescent bulbs, so did not affect any bulbs with reflective surfaces (e.g. spotlights and halogen down lighters) or special purpose bulbs including those used in devices such as household appliances, traffic lights, infrared lamps and automotive lighting. The sale of the most inefficient bulbs was phased out. The first types to go were non-clear (frosted) bulbs, which were taken off the market in September 2009. Also from September 2009 clear bulbs over 100 W were made of more efficient types. This limit was moved down to lower wattages, and the efficiency levels raised by the end of 2012.[59]

In practice, some manufacturers and retailers have found a loophole in the new rules so that some incandescents are still available, marketed as "rough-service" or "shock-resistant" bulbs for industrial use only. Such bulbs are widely available in markets and hardware stores at much lower cost than official alternatives such as CFLs.[60] After bans were first introduced prices of these bulbs rose by 20–25%.[61] A German importer simply reclassified the lamps as "mini heaters"[62] branded "Heatballs", but that was banned shortly afterwards.[63]

The EU set a target of 2016 to phase out halogen bulbs with two directives EC 244/2009 and EC 1194/2012. The phase out of the first directive EC 244/2009 originally planned for September 2016 was delayed until September 2018.[64] The second directive EC 1194/2012 was upheld, as part of a review of the lighting directive four criteria needed to be assessed before a phase-out could be confirmed. Issues of ‘affordability’ were under scrutiny, as well as performance, equivalence to existing models and compatibility. The EU confirmed that there was no reason to delay the ban on mains voltage directional halogen lamps, as all four of the criteria had been sufficiently met.[65] The directive EC 1194/2012 relates to mains voltage directional halogen lamps; many common halogen reflector lamps such as D-rated GU10 bulbs are affected.[66]

Iceland

Iceland is following the same route as the EU.[67]

Montenegro

Montenegro banned incandescent bulbs over 100W from 1 July 2018, part of a phased ban.[68]

Norway

Norway has implemented the EU directive for the phase-out of incandescent light bulbs and has followed the same phase out route as the EU. There was a half-year delay in implementing the directive compared to the EU, but the phase out occurred at the same time since the affected light bulbs were no longer available from European sources.

Russia

Russia is phasing out incandescent light bulbs. The production of lamps of 100 watt and more is banned. There are also discussions to ban light bulbs of 50 watts and more.[69]

Switzerland

Switzerland banned the sale of all light bulbs of the Energy Efficiency Class F and G, which affects a few types of incandescent light bulbs. Most normal light bulbs are of Energy Efficiency Class E, and the Swiss regulation has exceptions for various kinds of special-purpose and decorative bulbs.[1][70] In line with EU rules, Switzerland banned the import and manufacture of halogen light bulbs in September 2018.[71]

North America

Canada

The provincial government of Nova Scotia stated in February 2007 that it would like to move towards preventing the sale of incandescent light bulbs in the province.[72]

In April 2007, Ontario's Minister of Energy Dwight Duncan announced the provincial government's intention to ban the sale of incandescent light bulbs by 2012.[73] Later in April, the federal government announced that it would ban the sale of inefficient incandescent light bulbs nationwide by 2012 as part of a plan to cut down on emissions of greenhouse gases.[74]

On 9 Nov 2011, the federal government approved a proposal to delay new energy efficiency standards for light bulbs until 1 January 2014, when it will become illegal to import inefficient incandescent lighting across the country.[75][76] In December 2011, Ontario Energy Minister [Chris Bentley] confirmed that Ontario is scrapping the five-year-old plan "to avoid confusing consumers".[77]

The Energy Star program, in which Natural Resources Canada is a partner, in March 2008 established rules for labelling lamps that meet a set of standards for efficiency, starting time, life expectancy, colour, and consistency of performance. The intent of the program is to reduce consumer concerns about efficient light bulbs due to variable quality of products.[78] Those CFLs with a recent Energy Star certification start in less than one second and do not flicker.

In January 2011, the province of British Columbia banned retailers from ordering 75- or 100-watt incandescent bulbs.[79]

Canada's Energy Efficiency Regulations are published on the Natural Resources Canada website.[80]

The Canadian federal government banned the import and sale of 75- and 100-watt incandescent bulbs, effective 1 January 2014. On 1 January 2015, 40- and 60-watt bulbs were also banned. Retailers will be allowed to sell their existing inventories imported before the bans.[81]

Cuba

Cuba exchanged all incandescent light bulbs for CFLs, and banned the sale and import of them in 2006–07.[82]

United States

{{see also|U.S. Lighting Energy Policy}}

In 2007, the state of California introduced legislation to phase out the use of incandescent bulbs by 2018. The bill established a minimum standard of twenty-five lumens per watt by 2013 and sixty lumens per watt by 2018.[83][84][85] Legislation was also proposed in Connecticut.[86][87]

New Jersey and Utah introduced rules to require the use of energy efficient lighting in government buildings.[88][89] Utah has also undertaken a number of LED based lighting projects to regain efficiency.[90]

In December 2007, the federal government enacted the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA), which set maximum power consumption requirements for all general-service light bulbs producing 310–2600 lumens of light. Light bulbs outside of this range are exempt from the restrictions. Also exempt are several classes of specialty lights including appliance lamps, rough service bulbs, 3-way, colored lamps, stage lighting, plant lights, candelabra lights under 60 watts, outdoor post lights less than 100 watts, nightlights and shatter resistant bulbs. The law was to effectively ban most incandescent light bulbs, starting in January 2012.[91][92] By 2020, a second tier of restrictions would become effective, requiring all general-purpose bulbs to produce at least 45 lumens per watt, similar to a CFL.[93]

In March 2008, the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Energy Star program established rules for labeling lamps that meet a set of standards for efficiency, starting time, life expectancy, color, and consistency of performance. The intent of the program is to reduce consumer concerns about efficient light bulbs due to variable quality of products.[78] Those CFLs with a recent Energy Star certification start in less than one second and do not flicker. Energy Star Light Bulbs for Consumers is a resource for finding and comparing Energy Star qualified lamps.

The 2012 United States federal budget effectively delayed the implementation of the first stage of the EISA phase-out until October 2012 by defunding all enforcement activities.[94][95] Funding for enforcement was also denied in some subsequent years, at least up to 2015.[96]

In 2014, the Department of Energy issued regulations that would extend the efficiency standards of the 2007 EISA law to some specialty bulbs, effective January 2020.[97] The new standards would apply to Edison, globe, and candelabra bulbs among others. In February 2019, the Department of Energy announced a proposal to withdraw this change, with a public hearing to be held on February 28, 2019.

Oceania

Australia

In February 2007, Australia enacted a law that will, in effect, by legislating efficiency standards, disallow most sales of incandescent light bulbs by 2010.[98] The Australian Federal Government announced minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) for lighting products. The new minimum standard efficiency level is 15 lumens per watt (lm/W). From November 2008, no non-compliant lighting (including some incandescent globes) were imported into Australia, and from November 2009, the retail sale of non-compliant lighting was banned.[99] It was proposed[100] that all regular light bulbs and some other kinds of light bulbs sold from October 2009 would have to meet the new minimum energy performance standards. Incandescent light bulbs that meet the new standards, for example high-efficiency halogen bulbs, would continue to be available.[101]

It is estimated that greenhouse gas emissions will be cut by 800,000 tonnes (Australia's current emission total is 564.7 million tonnes), a saving of approximately 0.14%.[102]

There were some initiatives to encourage people to switch to compact fluorescent lamps ahead of the phase out.[103]

Australia will ban halogen light bulbs from September 2020.[104]

New Zealand

In February 2007, then Climate Change Minister David Parker, Labour party, announced a similar proposal to the one in Australia,[105] except that importation for personal use would have been allowed.[106] However, this proposal was scrapped in December 2008, after a change of government, and incandescent bulbs continue to be available {{As of|2019|lc=y}}.[107]

South America

Argentina

In Argentina, selling and importing incandescent light bulbs has been forbidden since 31 December 2010.[108]

Bolivia

Bolivia is reported to have banned incandescent light bulbs on 1 January 2014.[109]

Brazil

As specified in Interministerial Ordinance 1,007 of 31 December 2010, incandescent light bulbs must perform according to certain levels of luminous efficacy in order to be produced, imported and sold in Brazil.[110] Non-conforming light bulbs are being gradually phased out. Since July 2013 bulbs ranging from 61 to 100 Watts which do not perform accordingly can no longer be produced or imported, but they could be sold until mid-2014.[111]

Since the end of June 2016 incandescent bulbs have been completely prohibited in Brazil.[112]

Chile

The Chilean government has prohibited the manufacture, import and sale of incandescent bulbs since December 2015.[113]

Ecuador

Ecuador has banned incandescent bulbs.[114]

Venezuela

As part of its electricity conservation program, Venezuela has a light bulb exchange program, which aims to replace millions of incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescents.[115]

Public opposition

The phase out has been referred to as "light bulb socialism".[122] The consumer preference for light bulbs in the EU is for incandescent bulbs, with many complaining about what was described as the ugliness[123][116] or the cold, flat, unnatural, dull light emanating from CFLs.[122][126][117][118][119][120] Objection has also been raised to being forced to adopt CFLs.[121]

Bulk purchasing of incandescent bulbs was reported ahead of the EU lightbulb ban. Many retailers in Britain, Poland, Austria, Germany and Hungary have reported bulk purchasing,[122][123][124][125][126] and in Germany, sales rose by up to 150% in 2009 in comparison to 2008.[127] Two-thirds of Austrians surveyed stated they believe the phase-out to be "nonsensical", with 53.6% believing their health to be at risk of mercury poisoning.[128] 72% of Americans believe the government has no right to dictate which light bulb they may use.[129] The Czech Republic President, Vaclav Klaus, urged people to stockpile enough incandescent bulbs to last their lifetime.[130]

Museums and individuals have been stockpiling incandescent lightbulbs in Europe, owing to CFLs' inferior colour representation.[118][131] The European Association for the Co-ordination of Consumer Representation in Standardisation (ANEC) has called for a speedy reduction of the mercury levels contained within CFLs from the current 5mg limit to 1 mg.[132] The European Consumers' Organisation, BEUC, said that phasing out incandescent bulbs will be detrimental for people suffering light-related health issues,[133] and called for the continued availability of incandescent bulbs:

The EU Regulation falls short of the needs of some consumers who need to use the old-style light bulbs for health-related reasons such as light sensitivity. We call on the European Commission to take immediate measures to ensure that people who rely on incandescent light bulbs will be able to buy these bulbs until suitable alternative lighting technologies are available. There are also concerns about the risks to health from the high mercury content of the new bulbs.[134]

A campaign group called SPECTRUM was formed by the charities Lupus UK, Eclipse Support Group, ES-UK, XP Support Group and The Skin Care Campaign as an "alliance for light sensitivity" to oppose "UK and EU plans to phase out incandescent lightbulbs".[135] Their campaign has been picked up and amplified by the British Association of Dermatologists, calling for access to incandescent light bulbs for those who are medically sensitive to CFLs and other non-incandescent bulbs,[136] and the charity Migraine Action, stating that its members still suffer adverse effects from CFLs despite protestations from the light bulb industry.[137]

In the United States, one supporter of the incandescent light bulb is the lighting designer Howard Brandston,[138] a fellow of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America and Honorary Fellow of the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. He has attempted to raise awareness of what he believes are negative effects of the phase out through media outlets and industry forums,[139][140][141][142] and he was invited as one of six experts to testify before the U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on 11 March 2011.[143][144]

Environmental and health concerns

{{Main article|Compact fluorescent lamp#Health issues}}

CFLs, like all fluorescent lamps, contain small amounts of mercury, as both vapor and droplets inside the glass tubing, averaging 4.0 mg per bulb.[145] The inclusion of liquid mercury is specifically prohibited from other domestic products in some jurisdictions, notably Europe.[146][147] Safe cleanup of broken compact fluorescent lamps is different from cleanup of conventional broken glass or incandescent bulbs.[148] After a proper cleanup, any potential short term exposure offers no significant health risks to adults, including pregnant women, or to children.[149] If all electricity was generated by a coal power plant (which produce about half the electricity the U.S. consumes) and fluorescent light bulbs were all recycled with no mercury being lost, nearly 75% less mercury could be released in power plant emissions if incandescent bulbs were replaced by fluorescents, and with significantly less total mercury release even if no recycling occurred.[150] However, a concern is that broken bulbs will introduce the mercury directly into a populated indoor area.[151] Though more recent analysis indicates that the concerns about mercury release from broken bulbs may be overstated, and can be ameliorated by taking a few simple steps.[152]

No mercury is used in the manufacturing of LED lamps, a different technology replacement for incandescent lamps.[153] In addition, LED lamps do not require warmup time in cold weather, and in fact, perform better in colder temperatures, making them an excellent choice for use in cold locations, such as refrigeration units.[154]

Cost

CFL and LED bulbs cost more than incandescent bulbs did. The total cost of ownership over time is much less, as both use much less power[155] and have longer operating lives than incandescent bulbs. When bulbs are used infrequently, as in little-used closets and attics, it may take a long time to compensate for the higher initial cost of the bulb.[156]

Heating and cooling

{{Main article|Compact fluorescent lamp#Heating and cooling}}

The overall energy savings from changing to more efficient lighting depends on the climate. In warm climates, efficient lighting has the additional energy-saving effect of reducing the amount of cooling required. In cold climates increased heating energy demand may offset some of the lighting energy saved with efficient lighting.[157] A report published in January 2008 found that in Los Angeles, where incandescent lighting results in increased air conditioning, electricity savings would pay for the initial cost of CFLs four times faster than in Vancouver, where incandescent lighting contributes to space heating.[158] In all climates, there is a net cost saving from changing to compact fluorescent lighting.[158] The cost of CFL and LED bulbs has decreased greatly since 2008, which shortens the time needed to pay off their initial cost.

While the excessive heat produced by incandescent light bulbs is frequently seen as a drawback, in certain applications it is seen as an advantage. For example, automotive applications in cold climates benefit from the radiated heat as it melts potentially visually-obstructive snow and ice on warning lights and signs. The heat is also used to melt the wax inside lava lamps.

Dimmability

Some CFLs are not compatible with existing dimming circuits such as those using TRIACs, although CFLs that support dimming are available.[159] Halogen bulbs provide a somewhat more efficient dimmable alternative to common incandescent bulbs,[160] although they too have been or will be phased out in many places.

Many LED bulbs are not dimmable. While dimmable ones using different drivers are available, they may not work well with traditional dimmers - either the dimming range is narrow (the minimum brightness is too high) or the bulb flickers at lower brightness, or even both. The color temperature of incandescent bulbs — essentially the actual temperature of the hot filament — decreases as the voltage applied is reduced by a dimmer, and the light becomes visibly "warmer"; this does not happen with other technologies. However Philips has designed those that mimic this phenomenon when dimmed.

See also

  • Electron stimulated luminescence
  • Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags

References

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127. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,638494,00.html|title=Germans Hoarding Traditional Light Bulbs|accessdate= 31 August 2009|publisher=Spiegel|year=2009}}
128. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/DesktopDefault.aspx?TabID=4082&Alias=wzo&cob=434279|title=Austrians oppose EU light bulb law|accessdate=31 August 2009|publisher=Wiener Zeitung|year=2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902235151/http://www.wienerzeitung.at/DesktopDefault.aspx?TabID=4082&Alias=wzo&cob=434279|archive-date=2 September 2009|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
129. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/general_politics/july_2009/72_don_t_want_feds_changing_their_light_bulbs|title=72% Don't Want Feds Changing Their Light Bulbs|accessdate= 31 August 2009|publisher=Rasmussen|year=2009}}
130. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/zpravy/klaus-calls-on-czechs-to-be-stocked-with-old-light-bulbs-press/394993|title=Klaus calls on Czechs to be stocked with old light bulbs – press|accessdate= 31 August 2009|publisher=česká noviny|year=2009}}
131. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4594321,00.html|title=Artists see EU light bulb ban as an aesthetic calamity |accessdate= 31 August 2009|publisher=Deutsche Welle|year=2009}}
132. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eupconsumer.eu/download/6th%20CF%20meeting%2028%20March%202008/ANEC-BEUC%20position%20domestic%20lighting.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429001510/http://www.eupconsumer.eu/download/6th%20CF%20meeting%2028%20March%202008/ANEC-BEUC%20position%20domestic%20lighting.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=29 April 2011|title=Consumer Relevant Eco-Design Requirements for Domestic Lighting (Part 1)|accessdate=4 September 2009|publisher=European Association for the Co-ordination of Consumer Representation in Standardisation|year=2009|page=8|quote=we support decreasing the maximum level of mercury in lamps from the current 5mg in the RoHS Directive, to 1mg. However, as the number of mercury containing lamps will sharply increase in consumer households in the future, we see a need to implement this requirement as soon as possible}}
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134. ^{{cite web|url=http://docshare.beuc.org/docs/1/KIDEODHBAJDKNPAKMOBOCFOCPDBG9DB3WN9DW3571 km/BEUC/docs/DLS/2009-00716-01-E.pdf|title=Energy-saving light bulbs: good for consumers but outstanding issues need to be addressed|accessdate=31 August 2009|publisher=BEUC|year=2009}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
135. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.spectrumalliance.org.uk/ |title = Don't Leave Us in the Dark |access-date = 15 October 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091105032303/http://www.spectrumalliance.org.uk/ |archive-date = 5 November 2009 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}}
136. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bad.org.uk/site/1289/default.aspx#lightbulbs|title=Eco lightbulbs may cause reactions in patients with light sensitive skin diseases|work=Press release|accessdate=15 October 2009|publisher=British Association of Dermatologists|year=2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005081940/http://bad.org.uk//site/1289/default.aspx#lightbulbs|archive-date=5 October 2010|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
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139. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.tedmag.com/news/news-room/special-report/Special-Report/Special-Report--6-4-2009.aspx |title = Revolt in Lighting Land |accessdate = 20 November 2009 |publisher = TED Magazine |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716203039/http://www.tedmag.com/news/news-room/special-report/Special-Report/Special-Report--6-4-2009.aspx |archive-date = 16 July 2011 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}}
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144. ^{{cite news|url=http://smart-grid.tmcnet.com/news/2011/03/11/5371427.htm|title=Howard Brandston Testimony|accessdate= 26 May 2011 | publisher=Technology Marketing Corporation}}
145. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change_light/downloads/Fact_Sheet_Mercury.pdf|format=PDF|title=Frequently Asked Questions Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury June 2008 |accessdate= 31 August 2008 |year= 2008}}
146. ^The UK regulations which were a local enactment of the European RoHS directive https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/236285/bis-13-1142-restriction-of-hazardous-substances-regulations-guidance-2.pdf
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149. ^{{cite web|title=Disposal|url=http://www.climatechange.gov.au/what-you-need-to-know/lighting/faqs/disposal.aspx|work=Lighting Efficiency – Frequently asked questions|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|accessdate=27 September 2010|quote=The short term nature of the potential exposure (particularly after effective clean-up of broken CFL material) does not constitute a significant health risk to exposed adults (including pregnant women) or children.}}
150. ^{{cite news|url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/columns/news_cut/archive/2008/03/whats_left_to_say_about_cfls_p.shtml|first=Bob|last=Collins|title=What's left to say about CFLs? Plenty.|date=27 March 2008|accessdate=2 August 2011|publisher=Minnesota Public Radio}}
151. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/translating-uncle-sam/stories/cfl-vs-incandescent-battle-of-the-bulb|title=CFL vs. incandescent: Battle of the bulb | MNN – Mother Nature Network|accessdate=3 October 2010|quote=The CFL consumes about a quarter the energy and is responsible for nearly 75% less mercury, counting what's inside the bulb}}
152. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.1000bulbs.com/pages/mercury.html|title=One BIG fish story|quote=... if they follow the steps described below a broken CFL poses about as much of a health risk as a bite of tuna.}}
153. ^Energy Efficient Lighting, Eartheasy.com (accessed 2 August 2011)
154. ^Lighting Supermarket Freezers with LEDs, Lighting Research Center (accessed 21 June 2012)
155. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/faqs/cfl.htm#10|title=FAQ - Commercial Lighting Information|work=GE Lighting North America|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329191437/http://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/faqs/cfl.htm#10|archivedate=29 March 2007|df=dmy-all}}
156. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/business/2008/01/30/light-bulb-revolt-incandescent-fans-rise-up.html|title=Light-Bulb Revolt: Incandescent Fans Rise Up|author=Marianne Lavelle|work=US News & World Report}}
157. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/manitoba/story/2009/03/04/mb-light-bulbs.html | publisher = CBC News | title=Efficient lighting equals higher heat bills: study | date=4 March 2009}}
158. ^1 {{cite journal |url=http://www.cmhc.ca/odpub/pdf/65830.pdf |title=Benchmarking Home Energy Savings from Energy-Efficient Lighting |date=January 2008 |series=Technical Series 08-101 |publisher=Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation}}
159. ^{{cite web|title=Compact fluorescent light bulbs|url=http://www.seattle.gov/light/conserve/resident/cv5_lw2.htm|work=The Seattle City Light Web Team|publisher=City of Seattle|accessdate=26 May 2011}}
160. ^Do compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) work with dimmer switches? {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604095541/http://environment.gov.au/settlements/energyefficiency/lighting/faq-alternatives.html#docfls |date=4 June 2009 }}.

External links

  • BBC News Online: Light bulbs: Not such a bright idea (February 2006)
  • Save the Bulb: Reasons against the Phase-Out
  • BBC News Online: Shedding light on call to ban bulb (April 2006)
  • BBC News Online: No time to dim efficiency ambitions (November 2008)
  • Earth Policy Institute: Worldwide Shift from Incandescents to Compact Fluorescents Could Close 270 Coal-Fired Power Plants
  • Cambridge Scientific Alliance: Little Savings from Phasing Out Incandescent Bulbs
  • Energy Star Light Bulbs for Consumers
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20151127003128/http://www.ultra-leds.co.uk/index.php/2015/06/23/whats-the-best-way-to-dispose-of-your-light-bulbs/ How to dispose of your old incandescent bulbs]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Phase-Out Of Incandescent Light Bulbs}}백열등#백열등 반대운동

4 : Energy-saving lighting|Environmental impact of the energy industry|Incandescent light bulbs|Technological phase-outs
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