| 词条 | Philadelphia School of Design for Women |
| 释义 |
Philadelphia School of Design for Women (1848–1932) was an art school for women in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Under the directorship of Emily Sartain (1886–1920), it became the largest art school for women in the United States, and its faculty included Robert Henri, Samuel Murray and Daniel Garber. In 1932, it merged into what is now the Moore College of Art and Design. HistorySarah Worthington King Peter, wife of the British consul in Philadelphia, established an industrial arts school in her home in 1848 to teach women without a means of supporting themselves a trade. The school taught lithography, wood carving, and design, such as for household items like carpets and wallpaper. Peter's husband died soon after she established the school and she returned to her Cincinnati, Ohio home.[1]In 1850, Peter wrote to the Franklin Institute about her drawing class of some 20 young women becoming a "co-operative, but separate branch" of the Institute.[1] The Franklin Institute established and supervised the Philadelphia School of Design for Women from 1850 to 1853.[1] A group of 17 men were designated the incorporators of the school in 1853. Elliott Cresson was among these 17 directors, and was elected president at the first meeting.[1] It was the country's largest art school for women[5] and its students included Emily Sartain, Jessie Willcox Smith, Alice Barber Stephens, Elizabeth Shippen Green, Annie Traquair Lang and Alice Neel.[2][1] Elizabeth Croasdale was the school's principal before Emily Sartain took the position in 1886. Sartain was the school's leader until 1920.[1][3] She implemented life-drawing classes at the Philadelphia School of Design for Women,[4] using draped male and nude women models, which was revolutionary at the time for women artists. Sartain created a professional program that was built upon technical and lengthy training and high standards. The women were taught to create works of art based upon three-dimensional and human forms, based upon her training in Paris and at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.[5] She was responsible for introducing important faculty members such as Robert Henri, Samuel Murray and Daniel Garber.[6] In 1892, Robert Henri began teaching at the school. William Innes Homer said, "A born teacher, Henri enjoyed immediate success at the school."[7] Nina de Angeli Walls wrote, {{quote|As Sartain's career illustrates, art schools conferred professional status in a cultural field once dominated by men. Women artists used formal schooling to counter the accusation of amateurism frequently leveled at them. Nineteenth century design schools were the first institutions to offer professional certification for women in such careers as art education, fabric design, or magazine illustration; hence, the schools opened unprecedented paths to female economic independence.[8]}}In 1932 it merged into the Moore Institute of Art, Science, and Industry. It is now the Moore College of Art and Design,[9] which offers both a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree and a Master of Arts in Art Education.[6] The Edwin Forrest House, the school's home between 1880 and 1959, was designated a National Historic Landmark in recognition of its association with the school.[10] Faculty{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
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See also
References1. ^1 2 {{ citation | publisher=The Franklin Institute | title=Donors of the Medals and their histories | work=The Elliott Cresson Medal - Founded in 1848 - Gold Medal | url=http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/bell/cresson_bio.pdf | accessdate=July 13, 2009 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528060054/http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/bell/cresson_bio.pdf | archivedate=May 28, 2010 | df= }} 2. ^Hoffmann, Mott, Sharon, Amanda (2008). Moore College of Art & Design. Arcadia Publishing. {{ISBN|0-7385-5659-9}}. 3. ^{{cite book|author1=Katharine Martinez|author2=Page Talbott|author3=Elizabeth Johns|title=Philadelphia's Cultural Landscape: The Sartain Family Legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4phvm-bqDMC&pg=PA144|year=2000|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-56639-791-9|page=144}} 4. ^{{cite book |author=Alice A. Carter | title=The Red Rose Girls: An Uncommon Story of Art and Love |location=New York | publisher=Abrams Books | year=2000 | page=18 | url= https://www.questia.com/read/59224867 |accessdate=October 15, 2014| via=Questia | subscription=yes }} 5. ^{{cite book|author1=Katharine Martinez|author2=Page Talbott|author3=Elizabeth Johns|title=Philadelphia's Cultural Landscape: The Sartain Family Legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4phvm-bqDMC&pg=PA139|year=2000|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-56639-791-9|page=139}} 6. ^1 {{cite book |author=Nina de Angeli Walls |title=Art, Industry, and Women's Education in Philadelphia |year=2001 |publisher=Bergin & Garvey |isbn=0-89789-745-5}} 7. ^{{cite book | author=William Innes Homer | title=Robert Henri and his Circle | location=Ithaca | publisher=Cornell University Press | year=1969 | isbn=0-87817-326-9 | page=71 }} 8. ^1 {{cite book | editor=Linda Eisenmann |author=Nina de Angeli Walls|chapter=Design school movement|title=Historical Dictionary of Women's Education in the United States |location=Westport, Connecticut | publisher=Greenwood Press | year=1998 | pages=129-130 | url=https://www.questia.com/read/117391948 | accessdate=October 15, 2014|via=Questia | subscription=yes }} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite book | author=Marion Tinling | title=Women Remembered: A Guide to Landmarks of Women's History in the United States | location=New York | publisher=Greenwood Press | year=1986 | page=445 | url=https://www.questia.com/read/77097119 | via=Questia|subscription=yes|accessdate=October 16, 2014 }} 10. ^{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|93001608}}|title=NHL nomination for Philadelphia School of Design for Women|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2017-03-24}} 6 : Art schools in Pennsylvania|Educational institutions established in 1850|Arts organizations established in 1850|1850 establishments in Pennsylvania|Educational institutions disestablished in 1932|1932 disestablishments in Pennsylvania |
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