| 词条 | Philip Hallie |
| 释义 |
Philip Paul Hallie (1922–1994) was an author, philosopher and professor at Wesleyan University for 32 years. During World War II he served in the US Army. His degrees were from Harvard, Oxford (where he was a Rhodes Scholar at Jesus College from 1949 to 1951)[1] and Grinnell College. He developed the model of institutional cruelty. Institutional crueltyInstitutional cruelty is a model developed by Philip Hallie, who believes ethics are rooted in passion and common sense rather than in technical science. Hallie defines "institutional cruelty" as a persistent pattern of humiliation that endures for years in a community, but the victimizer and the victim find ways to downplay the harm that is being done. Both the victim and the victimizer justify cruel actions based on what they have been led to believe is "actual" inferiority. Hallie argues that cruelty is created by an imbalance of power, or hierarchy. According to his view, the opposite of institutionalized cruelty is freedom from the cruel relationship, not just kindness. Institutional cruelty demotes individuality. "Commitment [to an institution] that overrides all sentimentality transforms cruelty and destruction into moral nobility, and commitment is the lifeblood of an institution," (Hallie "From Cruelty to Goodness" 7). Published worksHallie's work generally explores the nature of ethics—good and evil, cruelty and kindness. His writing and statements have made particular reference to the admiration he holds for members of the French Resistance at Le Chambon-sur-Lignon.[2]
In "From Cruelty to Goodness" he defines cruelty by what it depends upon to exist. He explains that all cruelty derives from a deficit in power. Examples are used such as Nazi concentration camps and slavery. "The power of the majority and the weakness of a minority were at the center of institutional cruelty of slavery and Nazi anti-Semitism." He also emphasizes that deep humiliation in institutionalized cruelty can be just as hurtful to the victim as episodic cruelty, cruelty where both the victim and the victimizer are aware of the harm being committed. He then goes on to purport that the redress of stopping cruelty isn't enough to negate or perfectly oppose cruelty. Hospitality is the only cure for cruelty. "It lies in unsentimental, efficacious love."[3] This is described as not only "being your brothers keeper" (protecting the weak), but also as staying true to the "negative injunctions against killing and betraying." See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E7DD1730F933A2575BC0A962958260|title=Philip P. Hallie, 72, Professor and Writer|work=New York Times|date=August 10, 1994|accessdate=March 18, 2009 }} 2. ^Hallie, Philip. In the Eye of the Hurricane: Tales of Good and Evil, Help and Harm. Wesleyan University, 2001. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5DG8oaLGGTYC Google Book Search]. 31 July 2007 3. ^Hallie, Philip. "From Cruelty to Goodness" in Christina Sommers & Fred Sommers, Vice and Virtue in Everyday Life, Harcourt College Publishers (2001) pp. 14-15. External links
10 : 1994 deaths|Wesleyan University faculty|American philosophers|1922 births|Jewish American writers|Jewish philosophers|Harvard University alumni|Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford|American Rhodes Scholars|Grinnell College alumni |
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