| 词条 | Dvaravati |
| 释义 |
| title = Dvaravati | image1 = DvaravatiMapThailand.png|caption1=Territory of Dvaravati. | image2 = MonWheel.jpg|caption2=Mon Wheel of the Law (Dharmacakra), art of Dvaravati period, c. 8th century CE. | image3 = British Museum Asia 3 (cropped).jpg|caption3=Buddha, art of Dvaravati period, c. 9th century CE. | image4 = IMP C VICTORINVS PF AVG.tif|caption4=Bronze double denarius of the Gallic Roman emperor Victorinus (269-271 AD) found at U Thong, Thailand. }}{{History of Thailand}} The Dvaravati ({{lang-th|ทวารวดี}}, {{RTGS|Thawarawadi}}; {{lang-km|ទ្វារវត្តី}} - Tvearvottey) period lasted from around the 6th to the 11th century in what is now Thailand. Dvaravati refers to a culture, an art style, and a disparate conglomerate of principalities. Archaeological research over the past two decades or so has revealed the presence of a "proto-Dvaravati" period which spans the 4th-5th century, and perhaps earlier.[1] HistoryThe culture of Dvaravati was based around moated cities, the earliest of which appears to be U Thong in what is now Suphan Buri Province. Other key sites include Nakhon Pathom, Phong Tuk, Si Thep, Khu Bua and Si Mahosot, amongst others.[2] Legends engraved on royal urns report the following kings: Suryavikrama (673-688), Harivikrama (688-695), Sihavikrama (695-718).[3] A Khmer inscription dated 937 documents a line of princes of Chanasapura started by a Bhagadatta and ended by a Sundaravarman and his sons Narapatisimhavarman and Mangalavarman.[4] But at that time, the 10th century, Dvaravati began to come under the influence of the Khmer Empire and central Thailand was ultimately invaded by King Suryavarman II in the first half of the 12th century.[5] Hariphunchai survived its southern progenitors until the late 13th century, when it was incorporated into Lan Na.[6] The people of the region used the Mon language, but whether they were Mon people is unknown. There is evidence that these principalities may comprise many cultural groups of people, including Malays and Khmer people. The theory of Thai migration into Dvaravati has been refuted and is now known to have happened much later. The term Dvaravati derives from coins which were inscribed in Sanskrit śrī dvāravatī. The Sanskrit word dvāravatī means "that which has gates"[7]{{rp|301}} (from dvāra "door, gate, entrance"). Its name may derive from the city of Dvārakā in ancient India. Little is known about the administration of Dvaravati. It might simply have been a loose gathering of chiefdoms rather than a centralised state, expanding from the coastal area of the upper peninsula to the riverine region of Chao Phraya River. Hinduism and Buddhism were significant. The three largest settlements appear to have been at Nakhon Pathom, Suphanburi, Praak Srigacha, with additional centers at U Thong, Chansen, Khu Bua, Pong Tuk, Muang Phra Rot, Lopburi, Si Mahasod, Kamphaeng Saen, Dong Lakhorn, U-Taphao, Ban Khu Muang, and Sri Thep.[7]{{rp|303–312}} The traditional chronology of Dvaravati is mainly based on the Chinese textual account and stylistic comparison by art historians. However, the results from excavations in Chansen and Tha Muang mound at U-Thong raise questions about the traditional dating. Newly dated typical Dvaravati cultural items from the site of U-Thong indicate that the starting point of the tradition of Dvaravati culture may possibly date as far back to 200 CE.[8] [9] Archaeological, art historical, and epigraphic (inscriptions) evidence all indicate, however, that the main period of Dvaravati spanned the seventh to ninth centuries.[10] Dvaravati culture and influence also spread into Isan and parts of lowland Laos from the sixth century onward. Key sites include Mueang Fa Daet in Kalasin Province and Mueang Sema in Nakhon Ratchasima Province.[11] Art{{main|Dvaravati art}}Dvaravati itself was heavily influenced by Indian culture, and played an important role in introducing Buddhism and particularly Buddhist art to the region. Stucco motifs on the religious monuments include garudas, makaras, and Nāgas. Additionally, groups of musicians have been portrayed with their instruments, prisoners, females with their attendants, soldiers indicative of social life. Votive tablets have also been found, also moulds for tin amulets, pottery, terracotta trays, and a bronze chandelier, earring, bells and cymbals.[7]{{rp|306–308}} References1. ^{{Cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Stephen A.|date=October 2016|title=The case for proto-Dvāravatī: A review of the art historical and archaeological evidence|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/case-for-protodvaravati-a-review-of-the-art-historical-and-archaeological-evidence/6ABA16AADF5C3B4D62086719BEEF6A5C|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|language=en|volume=47|issue=3|pages=366–392|doi=10.1017/s0022463416000242|issn=0022-4634}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Stephen A.|date=October 2016|title=The case for proto-Dvāravatī: A review of the art historical and archaeological evidence|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/case-for-protodvaravati-a-review-of-the-art-historical-and-archaeological-evidence/6ABA16AADF5C3B4D62086719BEEF6A5C|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|language=en|volume=47|issue=3|pages=366–392|doi=10.1017/s0022463416000242|issn=0022-4634}} 3. ^{{harvnb|Coedés|1968|p=86}} 4. ^{{harvnb|Coedés|1968|p=122}} 5. ^{{cite web |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |title=The Mon-Dvaravati Tradition of Early North-Central Thailand |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mond/hd_mond.htm|accessdate=2009-12-15}} 6. ^David K. Wyatt and Aroonrut Wichienkeeo. The Chiang Mai Chronicle, p.33 7. ^1 2 Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., {{ISBN|9786167339443}} 8. ^Glover, I. (2011). The Dvaravati Gap-Linking Prehistory and History in Early Thailand. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 30, 79-86. 9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Stephen A.|date=October 2016|title=The case for proto-Dvāravatī: A review of the art historical and archaeological evidence|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/case-for-protodvaravati-a-review-of-the-art-historical-and-archaeological-evidence/6ABA16AADF5C3B4D62086719BEEF6A5C|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|language=en|volume=47|issue=3|pages=366–392|doi=10.1017/s0022463416000242|issn=0022-4634}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Stephen A.|date=October 2016|title=The case for proto-Dvāravatī: A review of the art historical and archaeological evidence|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/case-for-protodvaravati-a-review-of-the-art-historical-and-archaeological-evidence/6ABA16AADF5C3B4D62086719BEEF6A5C|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|language=en|volume=47|issue=3|pages=366–392|doi=10.1017/s0022463416000242|issn=0022-4634}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Stephen A.|date=2013|title=Buddhism and its Relationship to Dvaravati Period Settlement Patterns and Material Culture in Northeast Thailand and Central Laos c. Sixth–Eleventh Centuries a.d. : A Historical Ecology Approach to the Landscape of the Khorat Plateau|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/575742|journal=Asian Perspectives|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=300–326|doi=10.1353/asi.2013.0017|issn=1535-8283}} Bibliography
Further reading
External links{{Commons category-inline|Dvaravati}}: {{Thailand topics|state=collapsed}} 14 : Former countries in Thai history|Buddhism in Thailand|Buddhist culture|Mon people|Former countries in Southeast Asia|Former monarchies of Asia|Indianized kingdoms|States and territories established in the 5th century|States and territories disestablished in 1388|1380s disestablishments in Asia|5th-century establishments in Thailand|14th-century disestablishments in Siam|1st millennium in Thailand|Former monarchies of Southeast Asia |
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