| 词条 | Phowa |
| 释义 |
Phowa (Tibetan: འཕོ་བ་; Wylie: 'pho ba; also spelled Powa phonetically; Sanskrit: saṃkrānti) is a Vajrayāna Buddhist meditation practice. It may be described as "the practice of conscious dying", "transference of consciousness at the time of death", "mindstream transference", or “enlightenment without meditation” ({{bo|w=ma-sgom sangs-rgyas}}). Application of PhowaThe method can be applied at the moment of death to, according to Vajrayāna Buddhist belief, transfer one's consciousness through the top of the head directly into a Buddha-field of one’s choice. By so doing, one bypasses some of the typical experiences that are said to occur after death.[1] Example destinations are Sukhāvatī, Abhirati, Ghanavyūha, Aṭakāvatī, Mount Potala, the Copper-Colored Mountain ({{bo|w=Zangs-mdog dpal-ri}}), and Tuṣita;[2] the most popular in Chinese, Japanese and Tibetan Buddhism is Sukhavati.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Phowa is also performed by specialists ({{bo|w=’pho-’debs bla-ma}}) on the behalf of the deceased, as a post-mortem ritual. [3] Conversely, Phowa as a concept was cited by Shoko Asahara as a justification for murder in 1987. This fact was later brought up against him during his 1995 trial.[4] Mark of Phowa practiceThe mark of a successful phowa practice is a small drop of blood directly from the center of the vertex.{{clarify|date=July 2016}} To demonstrate a successful practice traditionally a Kusha-grass was pushed into the small opening created in the fontanel.[5][6] LineagesThe main lineage of phowa is one of the Six yogas of Naropa, although other transmissions also exist.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} The chöd subsumes within its auspices aspects of phowa sadhana.[7] The Kagyu phowa lineage is from the Six yogas of Naropa. Nāropa received it from the Indian mahāsiddha Tilopa and later passed it to his Tibetan disciple Marpa. Nāropa’s teachings describe a second method of ’pho-ba that entails the transference of one’s consciousness to another body ({{bo|w=’pho-ba grong-’jug}}). Milarepa’s query regarding these teachings forced Marpa to search for explanatory treatises on the subject among his Indian manuscripts, and, having found none, to return to India to obtain more scriptures.[8]The Drikung Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism is known for their phowa teachings. A major pilgrimage and cultural celebration is known in the Tibetan world as the Great Drikung Phowa ({{bo|w=’Bri-gung ’pho-ba chen-mo}}). This festival was traditionally held once in every twelve-year calendrical cycle, and its last observance took place in August 1992 in gTer-sgrom, Central Tibet, after a hiatus of 36 years due to a ban enforced by the Chinese authorities.[9] Choeje Ayang Rinpoche from Eastern Tibet belongs to the Drikung school and is an authority on Buddhist afterlife rituals; he gives teachings and initiations to the practice of phowa annually in Bodh Gaya, India.[10] Some lineages of phowa include a rite of incision, or opening of the sahasrara at the cranial zenith, to assist with transferral.[11] In DzogchenShugchang, et al., in an exegesis of the Zhitro, discuss phowa in Dzogchen:
In early Indian Yoga and TantraThe Sanskrit tantric text Mālinīvijayottaratantra of the late first millennium CE[13] includes a chapter on yogic suicide.[14] The yogic practice may be as old at the Pātañjalayogaśāstra of Patañjali (325-425 CE[15]), where it appears to be mentioned in sūtra 3.39.[16] See also
Literature
References1. ^Lingtrul Rinpoche. Teachings on Phowa {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205133233/http://www.kathokgonpa.ca/teachings-phowa.php |date=2015-02-05 }} {{Yoga}}2. ^Karma Chagmé 2000, Naked Awareness, p.196 3. ^ Halkias, T. Georgios. 2013. Luminous Bliss: A Religious History of Pure Land Literature in Tibet, chapter 5. 4. ^http://www.courts.go.jp/app/files/hanrei_jp/572/005572_hanrei.pdf 5. ^Website with phowa-skulls 6. ^Lu Kuan Yü, Secrets of Chinese meditation - with detailed chapter of the exercise ] 7. ^Dudjom Lingpa, via Chagdud Tulku. 1985. Tröma: Treasury of Dharmata. (Chöd Text). Cottage Grove: Padma Publishing. p. 12, 17, 24, 29, 38, 48. 8. ^Douglas, Nik and Meryl White. 1976. Karmapa: The Black Hat Lama of Tibet. London: Luzac. p. 15. 9. ^Kapstein, Matthew. 1998. “A Pilgrimage of Rebirth Reborn: the 1992 Celebration of the Drigung Powa Chenmo”. In Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet, ed. M. Goldstein and M. Kapstein, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 95-119. 10. ^http://ayangrinpoche.org/an-introduction-to-phowa/ 11. ^The Secrets of Chinese Meditation ; Lu Kuan Yu , page 249 12. ^Shugchang, Padma (editor); Sherab, Khenchen Palden & Dongyal, Khenpo Tse Wang (2000). A Modern Commentary on Karma Lingpa's Zhi-Khro: teachings on the peaceful and wrathful deities. PadmaGochen Ling. Source: (accessed: December 27, 2007) 13. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/hindu-tantric-and-sakta-literature/oclc/611685807|title=Hindu tantric and Śākta literature|last=Goudriaan|first=Teun|last2=Gupta|first2=Sanjukta|date=1981|publisher=O. Harrassowitz|year=|isbn=9783447020916|location=Wiesbaden|pages=32|language=English|oclc=611685807}} 14. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/yoga-of-the-malinivijayottaratantra-chapters-1-4-7-11-17/oclc/57732856|title=The yoga of the Mālinīvijayottaratantra: chapters 1-4, 7, 11-17|last=Vasudeva|first=Somadeva|last2=Institut français de Pondichéry|last3=École française d'Extrême-Orient|date=2004|publisher=Institut français de Pondichéry : Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient|year=|isbn=|location=Pondichery|pages=437-445|oclc=57732856}} 15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Maas|first=Philipp A.|date=|title=A Concise Historiography of Classical Yoga Philosophy|url=http://www.academia.edu/3520571/A_Concise_Historiography_of_Classical_Yoga_Philosophy|journal=Pre-print version of the article published in: Eli Franco (ed.), Periodization and Historiography of Indian Philosophy. Publications of the De Nobili Research Library, 37. Vienna: Sammlung De Nobili|language=en|volume=|pages=66|via=}} 16. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/roots-of-yoga/oclc/928480104|title=Roots of yoga|last=Mallinson|first=James|last2=Singleton|first2=Mark|date=2017|publisher=Penguin|year=|isbn=9780241253045|location=|pages=373|chapter=11.3|oclc=928480104}} 3 : Tibetan Buddhist practices|Tantric practices|Nyingma |
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