| 词条 | Pioneer River |
| 释义 |
| name = Pioneer | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | image = View of Mackay from helecopter - 2.jpg | image_size = 280 | image_caption = The Pioneer River weaves through {{QLDcity|Mackay}} | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Australia Queensland | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of Pioneer River river mouth in Queensland | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = Australia | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = Queensland | subdivision_type3 = Region | subdivision_name3 = North Queensland | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{QLDcity|Mackay}}, {{QLDcity|Marian}} | length = {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = Pinnacle Ranges, Pioneer Valley, Eungella Dam | source1_location = below Mount McBryde near Pinevale | source1_coordinates= {{coord|21|18|58|S|148|51|01|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|75|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = Coral Sea | mouth_location = East Mackay | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|21|09|13|S|149|13|16|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|1550|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = Stockyard Creek (Queensland), Blacks Creek (Queensland), Bustard Creek, Cattle Creek (Queensland), McGregor Creek, Devereux Creek, Balnagowan Creek, Fursden Creek, Vines Creek | tributaries_right = Black Waterhole Creek | custom_label = National park | custom_data = | extra = [1] }} The Pioneer River is a river located in North Queensland, Australia.[2] The {{convert|120|km|adj=on}} long river flows through the city of {{QLDcity|Mackay}}. HistoryCaptain John Mackay and his party were the first Europeans to discover the river in 1860. Mackay named it Mackay River after his father, George Mackay of Uralla in New South Wales. However, when George Bowen, the Governor of Queensland, visited on {{HMS|Pioneer|1856|6}} in October 1862, the name was changed to Pioneer River.[2] Location and featuresThe river rises in the Pinnacle Ranges below Mount McBryde near Pinevale, {{convert|63|km}} southwest of Mackay. The river flows in a northerly direction into the {{QLDcity|Pioneer Valley}}, one of Australia's richest sugar cane areas. At {{QLDcity|Mirani}} the river flows to the east before reaching its mouth and emptying into the Coral Sea at Mackay. The river is joined by ten tributaries including Cattle Creek, with the other major tributary being Blacks Creek.[3] The river is too shallow for navigation, drying sandbanks encountered only a few kilometres upstream of the river mouth. During king tides the Pioneer River may experience a tidal range of up to {{convert|6.4|m}}. The catchment covers an area of {{convert|1550|km2}}.[4] Upper parts of the catchment are too steep for agriculture and remain covered by rainforests and open woodlands.[3] In 2002, a Queensland Government report found that the local sugar industry had allowed five pesticides to enter the river, exceeding acceptable standards.[5] The river has a number of water storage facilities built along its course including Teemburra Dam, Dumbleton Weir, Mirani Weir and Marian Weir. It is crossed by the Bruce Highway and the North Coast railway line in Mackay. The river is crossed by the {{convert|485|m|adj=on}} Forgan Bridge at Mackay. FloodingThe river is prone to flooding, most recently in February 2008 when a height of just over {{convert|7|m}} (classed as moderate flooding according to the Bureau of Meteorology) was recorded at a gauge in the centre of Mackay.[4] This height was reached after extremely heavy rain fell over Mackay ({{convert|600|mm|in|disp=comma}} in 6 hours). After the devastating Mackay cyclone of 21 January 1918, the river was flooded for weeks. The Pioneer has reached major flood levels on twenty occasions since records first began in 1884, with the highest reaching {{convert|9.14|m}} in 1958.[4] See also{{stack|{{Portal|Queensland|Water|Environment}}}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=205444&cmd=sp |title=Map of Pioneer River, QLD|accessdate=14 October 2015|work=Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia }} 2. ^1 {{cite QPN|26973|Pioneer River|accessdate=4 January 2016}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/water/condition/qld/basin-pioneer-river.html |title=Rivers - Assessment of River Condition - Queensland - Pioneer River |accessdate=13 August 2010 |work=Australian Natural Resources Atlas |publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315104606/http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/water/condition/qld/basin-pioneer-river.html |archivedate=15 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/hydro/flood/qld/brochures/pioneer/pioneer.shtml |title=Flood Warning System For The Pioneer River |accessdate=13 August 2010 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology (Australia) }} 5. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200208/s638503.htm |title=Conservationists welcome Qld river pollution report |accessdate=13 August 2010 |date=2 August 2002 |work=ABC News Online |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }} External links
4 : Rivers of Queensland|North Queensland|Bodies of water of the Coral Sea|Mackay, Queensland |
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