“Piscivore”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A piscivore {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɪ|s|ᵻ|v|ɔər}} is a carnivorous animal that eats primarily fish. Piscivorous is equivalent to the Greek-derived word ichthyophagous. Fish were the diet of early tetrapods (amphibians); insectivory came next, then in time, reptiles added herbivory.^[1]

Some animals, such as the sea lion and alligator, are not completely piscivorous, often preying on aquatic invertebrates or land animals in addition to fish, while others, such as the bulldog bat and gharial, are strictly dependent on fish for food. Humans can live on fish-based diets as can their carnivorous domesticated pets, such as dogs and cats. The name "piscivore" is derived from the Latin word for fish, piscis. Some creatures, including cnidarians, octopuses, squid, spiders, sharks, cetaceans, grizzly bears, jaguars, wolves, snakes, turtles, and sea gulls, may have fish as significant if not dominant portions of their diets.

The ecological effects of piscivores can extend to other food chains. In a study of cutthroat trout stocking, researchers found that the addition of this piscivore can have noticeable effects on non-aquatic organisms, in this case bats feeding on insects emerging from the water with the trout.^[2]

There exists classifications of primary and secondary piscivores. Primary piscivores, also known as "specialists", shift to this habit in the first few months of their lives. Secondary piscivores will move to eating primarily fish later in their lifetime. It is hypothesized that the secondary piscivores' diet change is due to an adaptation to maintain efficiency in their use of energy while growing.^[3]

Examples of extant piscivores

Extinct and prehistoric piscivores

Numerous extinct and prehistoric animals are hypothesized to have been primarily piscivorous due to anatomy and/or ecology. Furthermore, some have been confirmed to be piscivorous through fossil evidence.

References

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2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Rudman|first=Seth M.|last2=Heavyside|first2=Julian|last3=Rennison|first3=Diana J.|last4=Schluter|first4=Dolph|date=2016-12-01|title=Piscivore addition causes a trophic cascade within and across ecosystem boundaries|journal=Oikos|language=en|volume=125|issue=12|pages=1782–1789|doi=10.1111/oik.03204|issn=1600-0706}}
3. ^¹²{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries|last=Hart|first=Paul|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2002|isbn=978-0632054121|location=350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148|pages=267–283}}
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6. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270275140 |title= A neurovascular cavity within the snout of the predatory dinosaur Spinosaurus |last=Dal Sasso |first=C. |author2=Maganuco, S. |author3= Cioffi, A. |date= 26 May 2009 |work = 1st International Congress on North African Vertebrate Palaeontology |publisher= Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle |accessdate=22 September 2010}}
7. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/biology_evolution/article6923503.ece | title = Meet Boar, Rat and Pancake: the ancient, giant crocodiles found in Sahara | publisher = Times Online | date = November 20, 2009 | first = Hannah | last = Devlin }}
8. ^David, Lore Rose. January 10, 1943. Miocene Fishes of Southern California The Society p 104-115
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