| 词条 | Plumbeous water redstart |
| 释义 |
| name = Plumbeous water redstart | image = Rhyacornis fuliginosus - Doi Inthanon.jpg | image_caption = Male in Doi Inthanon National Park, Thailand | image2 = Plumbeous Water Redstart (Female) I IMG 6422.jpg | image2_caption = Female near Kullu, India | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Phoenicurus | species = fuliginosus | authority = (Vigors, 1831) | synonyms = *Rhyacornis fuliginosus
}} The plumbeous water redstart (Phoenicurus fuliginosus) is a passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It is found in South Asia, Southeast Asia and China. Males are slate blue in colour, while females are grey. The bird's common name refers to its colour which resembles lead. They tend to live near fast-moving streams and rivers. TaxonomyThe plumbeous water redstart belongs to the order Passeriformes and the family Muscicapidae. It was previously placed in the genus Rhyacornis but was moved to Phoenicurus based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010.[2][3] The species consists of two recognized subspecies – Phoenicurus fuliginosus fuliginosus and Phoenicurus fuliginosus affinis. The former was described by Nicholas Aylward Vigors in 1831, while the latter was described by William Robert Ogilvie-Grant in 1906 and is found in Taiwan.[4] In China, the female and first-year male redstarts appear more brown at the top, leading to the possibility of classifying them as a separate race tenuirostris.[4] DescriptionThe plumbeous water redstart is typically {{convert|14|cm}} long in total,[5] with an average weight of {{convert|22|g}} for males and {{convert|18.8|g}} for females.[6] The male birds are slate blue in colour with a tail that is rusty red.[7][8] On the other hand, female birds are pale grey and feature a white rump.[5][8] HabitatThe bird is found in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.[9][10] Their preferred habitats are streams,[9] nullahs[8] and rivers[11] with boulders that are shaded,[12] as well as vegetation near riverbanks.[9] Streams with higher populations of insects such as mayflies appear to be preferred.[13] They are typically found at relatively high elevations, with the ones living in the Himalayas seen between {{convert|2000|m}}[14] and {{convert|4100|m}}.[9] However, they tend to descend to lower altitudes during the winter.[9] The plumbeous water redstart has been placed on the Least Concern category of the IUCN Red List, as the population has remained stable throughout the last ten years. The size of its distribution range is over {{convert|5100000|km2}}.[15] BehaviorThe plumbeous water redstart is very protective of its habitat[16] and will be extremely confrontational to any trespasser on its territory.[7] In order to catch flies in rivers, it flies vertically until it is at least {{convert|20|ft}} above the water, before gliding down in a spiral back to the same place.[11] ==References== 1. ^{{IUCN|id=22710092 |title=Rhyacornis fuliginosa |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 2. ^{{cite journal | last1=Sangster | first1=G. | last2=Alström | first2=P. | last3=Forsmark | first3=E. | last4=Olsson | first4=U. | year=2010 | title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=57 | issue=1 | pages=380–392 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008 | pmid=20656044}} 3. ^{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | title=Chats, Old World flycatchers | work=World Bird List Version 6.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/chats/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| accessdate=20 May 2016 }} 4. ^1 {{cite web|title=Plumbeous Water-redstart (Rhyacornis fuliginosa)|url=http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/plumbeous-water-redstart-rhyacornis-fuliginosa|year=2003|work=Handbook of the Birds of the World|publisher=Internet Bird Collection|accessdate=December 3, 2013}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1I71swoU1QC&pg=PA291&dq=plumbeous+water+redstart&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ybabUpqQIYWS7Aal-IFI&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=plumbeous%20water%20redstart&f=false|title=Trekking Nepal: A Traveler's Guide|publisher=The Mountaineers Books|year=2011|last1=Bezruchka|first1=Stephen|last2=Lyons|first2=Alonzo|pages=291|accessdate=December 3, 2013}} 6. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcnOTPILlcEC&pg=PA397&dq=%22rhyacornis-fuliginosa%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nj6aUsGeNMHxoATk-oHQBQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Rhyacornis%20fuliginosa%22&f=false|title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses|edition=Second|publisher=CRC Press|date=December 5, 2007|last=Dunning|first=John B. Jr.|pages=397|accessdate=December 3, 2013}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAHweWRUs0C&pg=PA150&dq=plumbeous+water+redstart&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eLubUvS4C9GUhQe7uIGgDA&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=plumbeous%20water%20redstart&f=false|title=The Valley of Kashmir|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1895|last=Lawrence|first=Walter Roper|pages=150|accessdate=December 3, 2013}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snscAQAAIAAJ&q=plumbeous+water+redstart&dq=plumbeous+water+redstart&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ObabUoCIKISKhQf9_4DwDQ&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBg|title=The Hong Kong Naturalist, Volumes 7–8|publisher=Newspaper Enterprise Limited|year=1936|last=Herklots|first=Geoffrey Alton Craig|pages=150|accessdate=December 3, 2013}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk-vyrNVAccC&pg=PA538&dq=plumbeous+water+redstart&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ObabUoCIKISKhQf9_4DwDQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=plumbeous%20water%20redstart&f=false|title=Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1990|last1=Sibley|first=Charles Gald|pages=538|accessdate=December 3, 2013}} 10. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaXi-P-heDQC&pg=PA10-IA156&dq=plumbeous+water+redstart&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ObabUoCIKISKhQf9_4DwDQ&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=plumbeous%20water%20redstart&f=false|title=A Field Guide to the Birds of China|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=June 8, 2000|last1=MacKinnon|first=John Ramsay|accessdate=December 3, 2013}} 11. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZiSH4d05TAC&pg=PA173&dq=plumbeous+water+redstart&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eLubUvS4C9GUhQe7uIGgDA&ved=0CEkQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q=plumbeous%20water%20redstart&f=false|title=Himalayan Enchantment: An Anthology|publisher=Serindia Publications, Inc.|year=1990|last=Ward|first=Francis Kingdon|pages=173|accessdate=December 3, 2013}} 12. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTXxAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140&dq=plumbeous+water+redstart&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eLubUvS4C9GUhQe7uIGgDA&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=plumbeous%20water%20redstart&f=false|title=Hills and Streams: An Ecology of Hong Kong|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|date=July 1, 1994|last1=Dudgeon|first1=David|last2=Corlett|first2=Richard|pages=140|accessdate=December 3, 2013}} 13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Manel|first1=Stéphanie|last2=Dias|first2=Jean-Marie|last3=Ormerod|first3=Steve J.|date=August 17, 1999|title=Comparing discriminant analysis, neural networks and logistic regression for predicting species distributions: a case study with a Himalayan river bird|journal=Ecological Modelling|volume=120|issue=2–3|pages=337–347|publisher=|accessdate=December 3, 2013|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380099001131|doi=10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00113-1}} '{{registration required}} 14. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W88pkms1dXEC&pg=PA108&dq=plumbeous+water+redstart&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ybabUpqQIYWS7Aal-IFI&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=plumbeous%20water%20redstart&f=false|title=Himalayan Wildlife, Habitat and Conservation|publisher=Indus Publishing|date=January 1, 1992|last=Negi|first=Sharad Singh|pages=108|accessdate=December 3, 2013}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Plumbeous Water-redstart (Rhyacornis fuliginosa)|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=6660|year=2013|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=December 3, 2013}} 16. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-GgBoivL70C&pg=PA422&dq=plumbeous+water+redstart&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eLubUvS4C9GUhQe7uIGgDA&ved=0CGcQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=plumbeous%20water%20redstart&f=false|title=Birds of East Asia|publisher=A&C Black|date=January 14, 2009|last=Brazil|first=Mark|pages=422|accessdate=December 3, 2013}} External links{{Commons category|Phoenicurus fuliginosus}}
10 : Phoenicurus|Birds of China|Birds of the Himalayas|Birds of Eastern Himalaya|Birds of Kyrgyzstan|Birds of Laos|Birds of Myanmar|Birds described in 1831|Articles containing video clips|Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
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