“P. O. Box 1142”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

P.O. Box 1142 was a secret American military intelligence facility that operated during World War II.^[1] The American Military Intelligence Service had two special wings, known as MIS-X and MIS-Y.

The MIS-X program focused upon the escape and evasion activities of American POWs in Europe.

MIS-Y's core duty was to interview the Prisoners of War (POWs). They were known by their codename, the mailing address "P.O. Box 1142."^[2] Notable prisoners housed at the facility included rocket scientist Wernher von Braun, spymaster Reinhard Gehlen, and Heinz Schlicke, inventor of infrared detection.^[3]

German U-Boat commander Werner Henke was also a prisoner but was fatally shot when he tried to escape by climbing the fence.^[4]

P.O. Box 1142 was based in Fort Hunt, Virginia,^[1] formerly part of George Washington's farmlands. German scientists, submariners and soldiers were questioned.^[2] P.O. Box 1142 obtained valuable intelligence from German POWs and also communicated with Allied POWs overseas. The camp was in violation of the Geneva Conventions because the Red Cross was not notified of the transfer or location of the prisoners, but according to the surviving wardens, torture was not used.^[4] The work done at Fort Hunt contributed to the Allied victory of World War II. It also led to advances in scientific technology and military intelligence that directly influenced the Cold War.^[1] In October 2007, a group of the former intelligence workers gathered for the first time since the war's conclusion,^[4] and a flagpole and plaque recognizing their contributions were dedicated on the original grounds.^[3]^[6]

The camp was started in 1942; the majority of the camp facilities were bulldozed in 1946.^[3]

The post commanders were: Col. Daniel W. Kent (1 July 1942 to 21 October 1942); Col. Russell H. Sweet (21 October 1942 to 1 February 1943); Col. John L. Walker (1 February 1943 to 18 July 1945); and Col. Zennas R. Bliss (18 July 1945 to post closure).

Operation Paperclip

PO Box 1142 was one of a number of secret internment facilities commissioned by the United States with the goal to exploit the German scientists recruited as part of Operation Paperclip^[7] in Europe. In order to prevent scientists specializing in rocket and other sensitive technologies from falling into Communist hands, the United States became determined to prevent the Soviet Union from seizing scientists with this information prior to the end of the war. The U.S. Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency^[8] was responsible for sponsoring the operation and took a specific focus on the scientists who had worked on Hitler's V2 Rocket program.

Interrogation process

As many of the former prison guards and interrogators at PO Box 1142 have started to grow old and information become declassified, the substantial amount of information learned at PO Box 1142 has started to come to light. Between 1942 and 1946, the military interrogators at the camp questioned more than 3,400 prisoners with more than 500 of these being scientists that came to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip.^[9] During these interviews, significant information regarding German advances in rocketry, jet technology, weapons systems, and acoustic torpedoes was discovered. The United States was able to take this information and develop an effective acoustic torpedo countermeasure.

The former interrogators say they did not use physical torture, however they did use psychological tricks, like threatening to turn the prisoner over to the Soviets. National Park Service Ranger Brandon Bies interviewed over 70 former interrogators from PO Box 1142 on this topic and said: "To our knowledge, no. There was no torture here. This is a question that was asked in every interview the National Park Service conducted, and we have found no evidence that there was anything remotely resembling torture that happened here."^[10]

Later reception

In 2001, the German historian Sönke Neitzel found about 150,000 pages of interrogation reports and bugged room conversations made in Trent Park and Fort Hunt. He analysed them together with Harald Welzer, a social psychologist. They published several books about their results:

Another member of the research group, Felix Römer, wrote Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht von innen. Piper, Munich 2012.

See also

References

1. ^¹²World War II Vets Honored For Top-Secret Work, NPS Digest.
2. ^¹Dvorak, Petula, 2006-08-20, World War II secret interrogators break their silence, Washington Post.
3. ^¹²{{cite news |last=Albrecht |first=Brian |title=Long hidden, a Nazi-interrogation unit gets its due |url=http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2008/01/in_1942_a_highly_classified.html |work=The Plain Dealer|date=2008-01-11 |accessdate=2008-01-11}}
4. ^¹²{{cite news |first=Petula |last=Dvorak |title=Fort Hunt's Quiet Men Break Silence on WWII |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/05/AR2007100502492.html |work=The Washington Post |date=6 October 2007 |accessdate=2008-01-11}}
5. ^{{Cite book |last=Mulligan |first=Timothy |title=Lone Wolf: The Life and Death of U-Boat Ace Werner Henke (book) |year=1993 |isbn=0-275-93677-5 }}
6. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93635950| title=Breaking The Silence Of A Secret POW Camp| first=Pam| last=Fessler |work=Morning Edition |publisher=NPR |date=2008-08-18 |accessdate=2008-08-18}}
7. ^{{cite web|last=Harney|first=Will|title=Operation Paperclip|url=http://www.worldwar2facts.org/operation-paperclip.html|work=World War 2 Facts|accessdate=20 November 2013}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency|url=https://www.archives.gov/iwg/declassified-records/rg-330-defense-secretary/|work=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration|accessdate=20 November 2013}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=PO Box 1142|url=http://www.militarian.com/threads/po-box-1142.1501/|work=Militarian.com|accessdate=20 November 2013}}
10. ^http://www.cbsnews.com/news/secret-wwii-camp-interrogators-say-torture-wasnt-needed/