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词条 P&O Ferries
释义

  1. History

  2. Operations

     {{anchor|Dover – Calais}}Dover  Southampton  Portsmouth  North Sea  Irish Sea  Present fleet  Former fleet 

  3. Routes

     Passenger / freight routes  Freight-only routes 

  4. References

     Notes  Bibliography 

  5. External links

{{For|a list of ships operated by P&O|List of P&O ships}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}{{Infobox company
| name =
| logo =
| type = Private
| foundation = 2002
| location = Dover, United Kingdom
| parent = DP World
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Janette Bell, CEO| |Karl Howarth, CFO}}
| num_employees =
| industry = Transport
| products = {{unbulleted list|Ferries|Port services|Passenger transportation|Freight transportation}}
| passengers =
| vehicles =
| freight units =
| revenue =
| footnotes = routes: {{unbulleted list
|Dover–Calais / Calais–Dover
|Hull–Rotterdam / Rotterdam–Hull
|Hull–Zeebrugge / Zeebrugge–Hull
|Liverpool–Dublin / Dublin–Liverpool
|Larne–Cairnryn / Cairnryn–Larne
| result =
| homepage = {{URL|www.poferries.com}}
}}

P&O Ferries is a British-based company that operates ferries from the United Kingdom to Ireland and Continental Europe (France, Belgium and the Netherlands). These were previously operated at different times as separate subsidiaries of P&O:-

  • Pandoro Ltd,
  • Ferrymasters Ltd,
  • P&O European Ferries,
  • P&O Portsmouth,
  • P&O North Sea Ferries,
  • P&O Irish Sea,
  • P&O Stena Line (joint venture).

History

P&O originally established ferry services in the United Kingdom in the late 1960s in the North Sea and the English Channel. In the late 1970s P&O was affected by a reduction in traditional shipping activities which saw the sale of a number of its businesses and assets. This continued into 1985 with the sale of its cross-channel ferry activities to European Ferries,[1] which at the time consisted of services on the Port of Dover–Boulogne and Southampton–Le Havre routes.[2]

In January the following year, P&O purchased a 50.01% interest in European Financial Holdings Ltd, which held 20.8% of shares in European Ferries,[1] followed in 1987 with the purchase of the remaining shares of the European Ferries Group whose ferry services were trading as Townsend Thoresen. Following the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster in March 1987, the operations of Townsend Thoresen were renamed P&O European Ferries on 22 October 1987, with operations from Portsmouth, Felixstowe and Dover.

Following a consultation with the Competition Commission beginning 28 November 1996,[2] P&O European Ferries split into three separate subsidiaries: P&O Portsmouth, P&O North Sea and the creation of a joint venture between P&O and the Swedish ferry company Stena Line's UK subsidiary Stena Line (UK) Ltd to create P&O Stena Line in Dover.[2]

In April 2002, P&O announced its intention to purchase Stena Line's 40% share of the joint venture. The purchase was completed by August, and in October 2002[3] the Portsmouth and North Sea operations were merged with the Dover operations to create P&O Ferries Ltd, jointly managing all services from its head office, Channel House in Dover.

In September 2004, P&O Ferries Ltd conducted a business review that concluded with the announcement of closure of several of its long-term Portsmouth-based routes, leaving only the Portsmouth – Bilbao route in operation. These closures were predominantly blamed on the expansion of low-cost airlines and the increasing usage of the Channel Tunnel as a faster alternative to ferry operations.[4]

In 2006, the P&O Group, including P&O Ferries was sold to Dubai-based DP World. Shortly afterwards it was taken over by Dubai World.[5]

On 15 January 2010, P&O Ferries announced that it would be closing the Portsmouth–Bilbao route by the end of September to coincide with the end of its existing charter for Pride of Bilbao. This meant the closure of the final route served by P&O Ferries in Portsmouth.[6][7]

In January 2018, Janette Bell replaced Helen Deeble as CEO.

Nine vessels in the fleet, including all six Dover-Calais vessels, are to have their duty-free shops outsourced.

In January 2019 P&O Ferries announced that its UK fleet would be reflagged from Dover, UK to Limassol, Cyprus in response to the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union in 2019 "For operational and accounting reasons". Cyprus is a member of the EU and a flag of convenience;[8] the reflagging will allow P&O to continue to benefit from EU tax arrangements.[9] According to the Rail, Maritime and Transport union, the reflagging is "pure opportunism", saying that the firm's "long-term aim has always been to switch the UK fleet to a tax haven register".[9]

On 20 February 2019, DP World announced it had repurchased P&O Ferries from Dubai World in a £322m deal.[5]

Operations

Throughout its history, P&O Ferries has operated in five main areas, centred around Dover, Portsmouth, Southampton, the Irish Sea and the North Sea.

{{anchor|Dover – Calais}}Dover

{{details|topic=P&O's Dover operations between 1998 and 2002|P&O Stena Line}}

P&O began ferry operations in Dover in the 1960s with a route to Boulogne in France under the Normandy Ferries brand. This route was sold to European Ferries on 4 January 1985[10] which rebranded them, along with its Southampton–Le Havre route, as Normandy Ferries Ltd. Following the purchase of European Ferries, P&O operated routes from Dover to Calais in France and Zeebrugge in Belgium, initially trading under the Townsend Thoresen brand; however, due to the bad publicity that the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster brought to that brand in March 1987, the services were subsequently rebranded to P&O European Ferries, with most vessels named with the prefix Pride of.

Prior to the acquisition, European Ferries had ordered two purpose-built vessels for the Dover–Calais route. These were delivered in June and December 1987 as {{MS|Pride of Dover||2}} and {{MS|Pride of Calais||2}}, taking on the role of flagships for P&O European Ferries. P&O's Dover operations remained largely unchanged until 1998 when they were merged with Stena Lines Dover and Newhaven operations to form P&O Stena Line (P&OSL) in response to the increased competition from the Channel Tunnel which opened in 1994 and the coming end to duty-free shopping within the EU in July 1999. As a result, vessels were renamed from the recognisable Pride of prefix to instead be prefixed with P&OSL in 1999. P&OSL operated eleven vessels, eight of which provided a freight and passenger service on the Dover–Calais route and the remaining three a freight service on the Dover–Zeebrugge route.

In August 2002, P&O acquired Stena Line's 40% share of P&OSL, which were re-merged with the Portsmouth and North Sea operations under the P&O Ferries brand. In December 2002, the Dover–Zeebrugge route closed, leaving only the Dover–Calais route remaining. Vessel prefixes were again changed to PO before they were repainted into a new livery and then resuming the use of the Pride of prefix in 2003.

On 8 August 2008, P&O Ferries announced it had placed a €360 million order with STX Europe for two new ships to replace the ageing Pride of Dover and Pride of Calais. The two new vessels, {{MS|Spirit of Britain||2}} and {{MS|Spirit of France||2}}, are 49,000 gross tonnes and 210 metres long, making them the largest ferries to operate in the English Channel. They were the first passenger ferries in the world to comply with the new SOLAS "Safe Return to Port" requirements.[11]

Spirit of Britain entered service on 21 January 2011 replacing Pride of Dover|, which remained in layup in Tilbury before being sold and scrapped in late 2012. Spirit of France entered service on 9 February 2012. Pride of Calais remained in service primarily as a freight ferry to cope with demand following the collapse of SeaFrance, before being withdrawn on 20 October 2012 and subsequently chartered to TransEuropa Ferries although this charter was somewhat short lived and the Pride of Calais subsequently followed her sister (Pride of Dover) to the scrapyard and she was beached in Turkey in late 2013[12]

Southampton

P&O began ferry operations in Southampton in the 1960s with a route to Le Havre in France in a joint venture with Société Anonyme de Gérance et d'Armement under the Normandy Ferries brand, later rebranded as P&O Ferries. This route was sold to European Ferries in January 1985 which rebranded them, along with its Dover-Boulogne route, as Townsend Thoresen.

Portsmouth

P&O's Portsmouth operations began with their acquisition of Normandy Ferries' Portsmouth-Le Havre route, branding it as P&O Normandy Ferries and offering a twice-daily service, initially competing with both Brittany Ferries and Townsend Thoresen. In 1985, P&O sold its ferry operations to European Ferries before returning to the market in 1987 with its takeover of European Ferries the same year, this time employing the P&O European Ferries brand.

Following the acquisition in 1987, P&O European Ferries operated routes from Portsmouth to Cherbourg and Le Havre. The Cherbourg route was operated by the 'Super Viking' class vessels Pride of Cherbourg1 and Pride of Winchester until 1994 when they were replaced by the two jumbo 'Super Vikings', Pride of Cherbourg2 and {{MS|Pride of Hampshire||2}}. On the Le Havre route the jumbo 'Super Vikings' Pride of Hampshire and Pride of Le Havre1 initially serviced the route supported at various times by chartered in freight vessels or transferred 'European' class vessels. However, their low capacity meant that by 1991 larger vessels were required; this was eventually solved by the introduction of two German-built vessels, Pride of Le Havre2 and Pride of Portsmouth in 1994.

In 1993 P&O opened a new route from Portsmouth to Bilbao, Spain, using the Pride of Bilbao operating a twice weekly service. This was the longest route that P&O Ferries operated and was often late arriving due to the weather conditions in the Bay of Biscay.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}

1998 saw the introduction of a new high-speed service on the Portsmouth–Cherbourg route using the Superstar Express, being replaced by the larger Incat-built 91m long Portsmouth Express in 2000. The change to the larger vessel did not go smoothly, and the new ship suffered a number of technical problems, forcing P&O Portsmouth to recall Superstar Express for a short time from its new home on the Cairnryan–Larne route until the problems were solved. Portsmouth Express gained a reputation of being unreliable, and services were frequently cancelled due to technical problems and the weather, but her larger size and long-term charter agreement meant she remained on the service for a number of years. For her 2003 season she was painted in standard P&O Ferries livery and her trading name was shortened to "Express", with her official name becoming Catalonia A. In her final season in 2004, the vessel was officially renamed Express but adopted the trading name Cherbourg Express.

In summer 2004 P&O Ferries operated a Portsmouth–Caen route using the Incat 91 model catamaran Max Mols from Mols-Linien, trading under the name Caen Express. However, this was short lived, with P&O Ferries announcing on 28 September 2004 its planned closure of the Portsmouth–Cherbourg and Caen routes and the transfer of the Portsmouth–Le Havre route to Brittany Ferries due to falling passenger numbers and rising costs. Caen Express was returned to Mols-Linien in October 2004, and the Portsmouth–Cherbourg route closed on 14 January 2005. Following the intervention of the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission, Brittany Ferries backed out of the deal to take over the Le Havre route, so Portsmouth–Le Havre remained under P&O Ferries until its closure on 30 September 2005.[13]

The Bilbao route remained as the only Portsmouth operation, until on 15 January 2010, P&O Ferries announced they would withdraw the service at the end of Pride of Bilbaos charter. The vessel completed her final voyage on 28 September 2010 and was returned to Irish Continental Group, from whom she had been chartered since the route's inception.[7] This marked the end of P&O's operations from Portsmouth.

North Sea

P&O's involvement in the North Sea ferry routes began with a 35% stake in North Sea Ferries owned by its subsidiary General Steam Navigation Company.[14] North Sea Ferries had begun operations on 17 December 1965 sailing on the Hull–Rotterdam route, a route which critics predicted would not survive. The numbers proved them wrong, however, and in the first year, 54,000 passengers were carried.[14] By 1974, demand for capacity was greater than could be supplied, and two vastly bigger vessels, {{MS|Norland||2}} and {{MV|Norstar||2}}, which were at that time the largest ferries in the world,[14] were introduced to the route.

The two vessels {{MS|Norwind||2}} and Norwave were transferred to a new route, Hull–Zeebrugge, operating a nightly service departing 30 minutes after the Rotterdam service sailed. The two routes remained unchanged, with the exception of the Ministry of Defence chartering Norland for service with the British Task Force to the Falkland Islands in 1982. The two routes were becoming increasingly popular, and in 1987 the larger {{MS|Norsun||2}} and {{MS|Norsea||2}} were introduced on the Hull–Rotterdam route, the two displaced vessels moving to Hull–Zeebrugge and the sale of both Norwind and Norwave.

As part of the success of the routes, dedicated freight routes were introduced from Teesport to both Rotterdam and Zeebrugge on a nightly basis. However, the ships quickly began to struggle to cope with demand, and in 1994 new superfreighters were introduced on the Hull routes. A new river berth was therefore constructed to accommodate the freight only vessels, however they were still small enough to pass through the lock at King George Dock if required.

By 1996 P&O owned a 50% stake in North Sea Ferries, the other 50% owned by Royal Nedlloyd Group. In a multimillion-pound deal, P&O purchased Royal Nedlloyd Group's stake, and North Sea Ferries was rebranded to P&O North Sea Ferries. Continuing success saw the purchase of two new superferries weighing 60,000 tonnes from Fincantieri, entering service in 2001 as {{MS|Pride of Rotterdam||2}} and {{MS|Pride of Hull||2}} and once again holding the title of 'world's largest ferry'. Norsea and Norsun were refitted and returned to P&O North Sea Ferries on the Hull–Zeebrugge route as Pride of York and Pride of Bruges.

Following P&O's acquisition of P&O Stena Line in 2002, P&O North Sea Ferries was merged and rebranded with P&O's Portsmouth and Dover operations under the current P&O Ferries Ltd name.

P&O Ferries host many themed minicruises on the Hull to Rotterdam route. These include the now traditional 'Hulloween' minicruise on 28 October and music minicruises with 50s and 60s music.

Irish Sea

{{details|topic=P&O's Irish Sea operations|P&O Irish Sea}}

In 1971 P&O purchased the remains of Coast Lines which had been operating in the Irish Sea since 1913. In December 1974, P&O founded Pandoro Ltd to provide transport operations to Ireland.[15] A number of different routes were started and ceased operating as the 'Troubles' affected the car/passenger market to Northern Ireland.

In 1993 Pandoro added a service operating between Rosslare, Ireland, and Cherbourg, France, to its Ardrossan–Larne, Liverpool–Dublin and Fleetwood–Dublin routes.

P&O Irish Sea was formed in 1998, following the merger of the Cairnryan-based service of P&O European Ferries (Felixstowe) Ltd and Pandoro Ltd (who operated routes between England, Scotland and France to Ireland).[16] The following year (1999), the new P&O Irish Sea announced its intentions to purchase a purpose-built Ro-Pax (roll-on, roll-off, vehicle/passenger) vessel from Mitsubishi of Japan for the Liverpool to Dublin route. This would see the transfer of European Leader (ex Buffalo) back to the Fleetwood route.

In 2004, P&O closed its Fleetwood – Larne services with the sale of all interests. In addition to the service rights, European Leader, European Pioneer and European Seafarer were sold to the Swedish Stena Line group. At the same time, P&O announced the closure of the Mostyn – Dublin service due to low passenger numbers. This led to the sale of European Ambassador and European Envoy for further service in Europe.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} In 2010, P&O Irish Sea was merged back into being part of its parent company again.

In January 2016, it was announced that the seasonal Troon to Larne service would cease with immediate effect due to the unprofitability of the route.[17] The service had ended for the 2015 season in September of that year.

Present fleet

Name Built Route(s) Tonnage Port of Registry Notes
European Seaway2}October 1991Dover–Calais22,986United Kingdom|civil}}
Pride of Burgundy2}March 1993Dover–Calais28,138United Kingdom|civil}}
Pride of Canterbury2}December 1991Dover–Calais30,365United Kingdom|civil}}Rebuilt in her present form in 2003
Pride of Kent2}June 1992Dover–Calais30,365United Kingdom|civil}}Rebuilt in her present form in 2003
Spirit of Britain2}June 2010Dover–Calais49,000Cyprus|civil}}
Spirit of France2}January 2012Dover–Calais49,000Cyprus|civil}}
Pride of Bruges2}August 1986Hull–Zeebrugge31,598Netherlands}}
Pride of York2}September 1986Hull–Zeebrugge31,785Bahamas|civil}}
Pride of Hull2}April 2001Hull–Rotterdam59,925Bahamas|civil}}
Pride of Rotterdam2}September 2000Hull–Rotterdam59,925Netherlands}}
European HighlanderJune 2002Cairnryan–Larne21,188Bahamas|civil}}
European Causeway2}March 2000Cairnryan–Larne20,646Bahamas|civil}}
European Endeavour2}September 2000Liverpool–Dublin22,152Bahamas|civil}}
Norbank2}October 1993Liverpool–Dublin17,464Netherlands|civil}}
Norbay2}March 1994Liverpool–Dublin17,464Bermuda|civil}}
Norsky2}April 1999Tilbury–Zeebrugge19,992Finland|civil}}
Norstream2}September 1999Tilbury–Zeebrugge19,992Finland|civil}}
Bore SongJuly 2011Middlesbrough–Zeebrugge25,235Finland|civil}}
MistralAugust 1999Middlesbrough-Zeebrugge10,471Finland|civil}}
EstradenJuly 1999Middlesbrough–Rotterdam18,205Finland|civil}}

Former fleet

Name Built Service Route(s) Tonnage Port of Registry Fate
MV Buffalo 1975 1975–2004 Fleetwood–Larne (freight), Dover–Boulogne (freight) 3,483 United Kingdom|civil}} Renamed European Leader in 1998. Sold to Stena Line, 2004. Scrapped at Aliağa in 2014.
European Mariner|}}October 19771993–2011Larne-Troon (freight)5,897Bahamas|civil}}Norcape|}}.
Norcape|}}19791979–2011Hull-Zeebrugge, Tilbury-Zeebrugge (freight), Liverpool-Dublin, Larne-Troon (freight)14,087Bahamas|civil}}Scrapped at Aliağa in 2011.
Norking|}}19801991–2011Middlesbrough-Rotterdam/Zeebrugge (freight), Tilbury-Zeebrugge (freight)17,884Finland|civil}}Sold to Salamis Lines, Greece and renamed MV Alios.
Norqueen|}}19801991–2013Middlesbrough-Rotterdam/Zeebrugge (freight), Tilbury-Zeebrugge (freight)17,884Finland|civil}}Operating in Philippines as MV Super Shuttle RoRo 9.
Pride of Dover|}}19871987–2010Dover-Calais26,433United Kingdom|civil}}Spirit of Britain|}} and Laid up in Tilbury until 2012. Scrapped at Aliağa.
Pride of Calais|}}19871987–2012Dover-Calais26,433United Kingdom|civil}}Spirit of France|}}, Spent three months with Transeuropa Ferries as MV Ostend Spirit and Scrapped at Aliağa in 2013.
Pride of Portsmouth|}}19891994–2005Portsmouth-Le Havre33,336United Kingdom|civil}}Sold to SNAV, renamed SNAV Lazio.
Pride of Le Havre219891994–2005Portsmouth-Le Havre33,336United Kingdom|civil}}Sold to SNAV, renamed SNAV Sardegna.
Pride of Bilbao|}}19861993–2010Portsmouth-Bilbao37,799United Kingdom|civil}}Chartered from Irish Continental Group, sold to St. Peter Line and renamed SPL Princess Anastasia.
Express2}May 19982005–2015Larne–Troon/Cairnryan5,902Bahamas|civil}}Laid up in Landskrona, Sweden.

Routes

P&O Ferries has operated the following routes:

Passenger / freight routes

  • Ardrossan–Larne (1970–2001) – transferred to Troon
  • Dover–Calais – operated by Townsend Thoresen until 1987
  • Dover–Boulogne (1965–1993)
  • Dover–Zeebrugge (1987–1991) – operated by Townsend Thoresen until 1987
  • Dublin-Cherbourg (2002–2004)
  • Felixstowe-Zeebrugge (1987–2002) – operated by Townsend Thoresen until 1987
  • Felixstowe-Rotterdam (1987–2002) – transferred to Stena Line
  • Fleetwood–Larne (1973–2004) – transferred to Stena Line
  • Hull–Rotterdam – operated by North Sea Ferries until 1997
  • Hull–Zeebrugge"
  • Larne–Cairnryan – operated by Townsend Thoresen until 1987
  • Larne–Troon (2001–2015) – ceased at end of 2015 season due to unprofitability
  • Liverpool–Belfast (1971–1981)
  • Liverpool–Dublin – operated by B&I Line until 1975
  • Middlesbrough-Gothenburg (1981–2001)
  • Mostyn–Dublin (2001–2004)
  • Portsmouth–Cherbourg (1987–2005) – operated by Townsend Thoresen until 1987
  • Portsmouth–Le Havre (1987–2005) – " "
  • Portsmouth–Caen (2004)
  • Portsmouth–Bilbao (1993–2010)
  • Rosslare–Cherbourg (1993–2005) – transferred to Celtic Link Ferries
  • Southampton–Le Havre (1967–1985) – transferred to Normandy Ferries Ltd

Freight-only routes

  • Dover–Zeebrugge (1991–2002)
  • Teesport–Rotterdam
  • Teesport–Zeebrugge
  • Tilbury–Zeebrugge

References

Notes

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1986/208pen_oriental_steam_nav_comp_euro_ferries_group_plc.htm |work=Monopolies and Mergers Commission |title=Report into the Merger of P&O and European Ferries Group Plc |date=December 1986 |accessdate=24 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206100233/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1986/208pen_oriental_steam_nav_comp_euro_ferries_group_plc.htm |archivedate=6 December 2010 }}
2. ^1 2 {{cite web| url=http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1997/409stena.htm| work=Monopolies and Mergers Commission| title=Report into the Merger of P&O and Stena Line AB| date=November 1997| accessdate=24 January 2013| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318061548/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1997/409stena.htm| archivedate=18 March 2010 }}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/00237626|title=P&O FERRIES LIMITED – Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk|accessdate=9 July 2016}}
4. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3696126.stm| work=BBC News| date=28 September 2004| title=P&O to slash workforce by 1,200| accessdate=24 January 2013}}
5. ^1 {{cite web |title=P&O Ferries sold back to DP World |url=https://www.niferry.co.uk/po-ferries-bought-back-by-dp-world/ |website=NI Ferries |accessdate=28 February 2019}}
6. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.poferries.com/tourist/content/pages/template/_footer_About_about_P&O_Ferries_press_releases_PR_-_P&O_Ferries_to_withdraw_from_Bilbao_service_in_September.htm| title=P&O Ferries withdraw from Bilbao| work=P&O Ferries| date=15 January 2010| accessdate=24 January 2013| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927003752/http://www.poferries.com/tourist/content/pages/template/_footer_About_about_P%26O_Ferries_press_releases_PR_-_P%26O_Ferries_to_withdraw_from_Bilbao_service_in_September.htm| archivedate=27 September 2011| deadurl=yes }}
7. ^1 {{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/8461624.stm| work=BBC News| date=15 January 2010| title=Portsmouth to lose Pride of Bilbao ferry service| accessdate=24 January 2013}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.tax-news.com/cyprus/cyprus_an_international_maritime_entre.asp |title=Cyprus: An International Maritime Centre|website=Woltes-Kluwer Global Tax News|date= |author= |accessdate= 29 January 2019}}
9. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/po-ferries-to-reregister-all-ships-under-cyprus-flag-ahead-of-brexit-a4045786.html |title=P&O Ferries to re-register all ships on the English Channel under Cyprus flag ahead of Brexit |newspaper=Evening Standard|date=23 January 2019|author=Bonnie Christian |accessdate= 29 January 2019}}
10. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.ferryfantastic.webs.com/ferrycompanies.htm| title=Ferry Fantastic: The Cross-Channel Ferry Companies| work=Ferry Fantastic| accessdate=24 January 2013}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cruisebusiness.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=259:stx-europe-starts-production-of-first-of-pao-ferries-two-newbuildings&catid=43:latest-news-catecory&Itemid=115 |title=STX Europe starts production of first of P&O Ferries' two new buildings |accessdate=4 March 2009 |last=Reinikainen |first=Kari |date=3 March 2009 |work=Cruise Business Online|publisher=}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-fTpCi9PNc|title=Pride Of Calais - Beaching - the end of an era|last=smithysrat|date=28 June 2014|publisher=|via=YouTube}}
13. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.onboardpoferries.com/fleet/archive/poportsmouth9405/index.html| title=Pride of Portsmouth| accessdate=15 November 2011| work=On Board P&O| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425055417/http://www.onboardpoferries.com/fleet/archive/poportsmouth9405/index.html| archivedate=25 April 2012 }}
14. ^1 2 {{cite web| url=http://www.onboardpoferries.com/features/northsea/northseaoperations.html| title=North Sea Ferries| accessdate=16 November 2011| work=On Board P&O| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107020738/http://www.onboardpoferries.com/features/northsea/northseaoperations.html| archivedate=7 November 2011 }}
15. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.poships.co.uk/Coast%20Lines.html| title=Coast Lines| work=P.O.S.H| accessdate=16 November 2011}}
16. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.poirishsea.com/information/history.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000527053406/http://www.poirishsea.com/information/history.htm| dead-url=yes| archivedate=27 May 2000| title=History 1| publisher=| accessdate=24 January 2013 }}
17. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-35301329| title=P&O Ferries: Larne to Troon route to close with immediate effect| publisher=BBC News| accessdate=13 January 2016| date=13 January 2016}}

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  • {{cite book|last1=Hendy|first1=John|last2=Cowsill|first2=Miles|title=P&O Ferries: through five decades|date=2012|publisher=Ferry Publications|location=Ramsey, Isle of Man|isbn=9781906608385}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Hendy|first1=John|title=Remembering the Chunnel Beaters: The Pride of Dover and the Pride of Calais|date=2015|publisher=Ferry Publications|location=Ramsey, Isle of Man|isbn=9781906608842}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Rabson |first1=Stephen |authorlink= |last2=O'Donaghue |first2=Kevin |title=P&O: A Fleet History |year=1988 |publisher=World Ship Society |location=Kendal |isbn=978-0-905617-45-9 |page=527 }}
{{refend}}

External links

{{commons category|P&O Ferries}}
  • Official P&O Ferries website
  • Swedish website
  • P&O Ferries Freight Site
  • P.O.S.H. – The Ships of P&O
  • Ferry Fantastic
  • The Online Guide to P&O Ferries
{{Dubai World}}{{P&O}}{{P&O ships}}{{Scottish Ferry Operators}}{{DEFAULTSORT:PandO Ferries}}

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