词条 | Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko |
释义 |
Alexander Litvinenko was a former officer of the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) and KGB, who fled from court prosecution in Russia and received political asylum in the United Kingdom. On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly fell ill and was hospitalized. He died three weeks later, becoming the first confirmed victim of lethal polonium-210-induced acute radiation syndrome.[1] Litvinenko's allegations about the misdeeds of the FSB and his public deathbed accusations that Russian president Vladimir Putin was behind his unusual malady resulted in worldwide media coverage. Subsequent investigations by British authorities into the circumstances of Litvinenko's death led to serious diplomatic difficulties between the British and Russian governments.[1] No charges were ever laid but a non-judicial public hearing was put on in 2014–2015, during which the Scotland Yard representative witnessed that "the evidence suggests that the only credible explanation is in one way or another the Russian state is involved in Litvinenko's murder".[2] Another witness stated that Dmitry Kovtun had been speaking openly about the plan to kill Litvinenko that was intended to "set an example" as a punishment for a "traitor".[3] The main suspect in the case, a former officer of the Russian Federal Protective Service (FSO), Andrey Lugovoy, remains in Russia. Background{{Main|Alexander Litvinenko}}Alexander Litvinenko was a former officer of the Russian Federal Security service who escaped prosecution in Russia and received political asylum in the United Kingdom. In his books, Terror from Within and Lubyanka Criminal Group, Litvinenko described Russian president Vladimir Putin's rise to power as a coup d'état organised by the FSB. He alleged that a key element of the FSB's strategy was to frighten Russians by bombing apartment buildings in Moscow and other Russian cities.[4] He accused Russian secret services of having arranged the Moscow theater hostage crisis, through their Chechen agent provocateur, and having organised the 1999 Armenian parliament shooting.[5] He also stated that the terrorist Ayman al-Zawahiri was under FSB control when he visited Russia in 1997.[6] Upon his arrival in London, he continued to support the Russian oligarch in exile, Boris Berezovsky, in his media campaign against the Russian government.[7] Just two weeks before his death, Litvinenko accused Putin of ordering the assassination of Anna Politkovskaya.[8] Illness and poisoningOn 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly fell ill. Earlier that day he had met two former KGB officers, Andrey Lugovoy and Dmitry Kovtun. Lugovoy is a former bodyguard of Russian ex-Prime Minister Yegor Gaidar (also reportedly poisoned in November 2006) and former chief of security for the Russian TV channel ORT. Kovtun is now a businessman. Litvinenko had also had lunch at Itsu, a sushi restaurant on Piccadilly in London, with an Italian officer and "nuclear expert", Mario Scaramella, to whom he reportedly made allegations regarding Romano Prodi's connections with the KGB.[9] Scaramella, attached to the Mitrokhin Commission investigating KGB penetration of Italian politics, claimed to have information on the death of Anna Politkovskaya, 48, a journalist who was killed at her Moscow apartment in October 2006. He passed Litvinenko papers supposedly concerning her fate. On 20 November, it was reported that Scaramella had gone into hiding and feared for his life.[10] For several days after 1 November, Litvinenko experienced severe diarrhea and vomiting. At one point, he could not walk without assistance. As the pain intensified, Litvinenko asked his wife to call an ambulance for assistance.[11] For several weeks, Litvinenko's condition worsened as doctors searched for the cause of the illness. Surrounded by friends, Litvinenko became physically weak, and spent periods unconscious. A photograph was taken of Litvinenko on his deathbed and released to the public. "I want the world to see what they did to me," Litvinenko said.[11] PoisonOn 3 November 2006, Litvinenko (under the name of Edwin Carter) was admitted for further investigation at Barnet Hospital, London.[12] After being moved from his local hospital in north London to University College Hospital in central London for intensive care, his blood and urine samples were sent to the UK's Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) for testing. Scientists at AWE tested for radioactive poison using gamma spectroscopy. No discernible gamma rays were initially detected; however, a small gamma ray spike was noticed at an energy of 803 kilo-electron volts (keV), barely visible above the background. The BBC reported that by coincidence another scientist, who had worked on Britain's early atomic bomb programme decades before, happened to overhear a discussion about the small spike and recognised it as the gamma ray signal from the radioactive decay of polonium-210, which was a critical component of early nuclear bombs. On the evening of 22 November, shortly before his death, his doctors were informed the poison was likely to be polonium-210. Further tests on a larger urine sample using spectroscopy designed to detect alpha particles confirmed the result the following day.[13] Unlike most common radiation sources, polonium-210 emits very little gamma radiation (the low intensity gamma ray at an energy of 803 keV is the most prominent), but large amounts of alpha particles which do not penetrate even a sheet of paper or the epidermis of human skin, and is therefore relatively invisible to common radiation detectors such as Geiger counters. This explained why tests conducted by doctors and Scotland Yard at the hospital with Geiger counters were negative. Both gamma rays and alpha particles are classified as ionizing radiation which can cause radiation damage. An alpha-emitting substance can cause significant damage only if ingested or inhaled, acting on living cells like a short-range weapon.[14] Hours before his death, Litvinenko was tested for alpha-emitters using special equipment.[14] Shortly after his death, the UK's Health Protection Agency (HPA) said tests had established that Litvinenko had significant amounts of the radionuclide polonium-210 (210Po) in his body. British and US government officials said the use of 210Po as a poison had never been documented before, and it was probably the first time anyone had been tested for the presence of 210Po in their body. The poison was in Litvinenko's cup of tea.[18] Those who had contact with Litvinenko may also have been exposed to radiation.[15][16] 210Po content in the body of LitvinenkoThe symptoms seen in Litvinenko appeared consistent with an administered activity of approximately 2 GBq (50 mCi) which corresponds to about 10 micrograms of 210Po. That is 200 times the median lethal dose of around 238 μCi or 50 nanograms in the case of ingestion.[17] The studies of the biodistribution of 210Po using gamma-ray spectrometry in post-mortem samples were used to estimate intake as 4.4 GBq.[18] Thallium – initial hypothesisScotland Yard initially investigated claims that Litvinenko was poisoned with thallium. It was reported that early tests appeared to confirm the presence of the poison.[19][20] Among the distinctive effects of thallium poisoning are hair loss and damage to peripheral nerves,[21] and a photograph of Litvinenko in hospital, released to the media on his behalf,[22] indeed showed his hair to have fallen out. Litvinenko attributed his initial survival to his cardiovascular fitness and swift medical treatment. It was later suggested a radioactive isotope of thallium might have been used to poison Litvinenko.[23] Amit Nathwani, one of Litvinenko's physicians, said "His symptoms are slightly odd for thallium poisoning, and the chemical levels of thallium we were able to detect are not the kind of levels you'd see in toxicity."[24] Litvinenko's condition deteriorated, and he was moved into intensive care on 20 November. Hours before his death, three unidentified circular-shaped objects were found in his stomach via an X-ray scan.[25] It is thought these objects were almost certainly shadows caused by the presence of Prussian blue, the treatment he had been given for thallium poisoning.[21][26]Death and last statementLate on 22 November, Litvinenko's heart failed; the official time of death was 9:21 pm at University College Hospital in London.[27] The autopsy took place on 1 December.[28] Litvinenko had ingested polonium-210, a poisonous radioactive isotope.[29] Mario Scaramella, who had eaten with Litvinenko, reported that doctors had told him the body had five times the lethal dose of polonium-210.[29] Litvinenko's funeral took place on 7 December at the Central London mosque, after which his body was buried at Highgate Cemetery in North London.[30] In his last statement he said about Putin: {{quote|…this may be the time to say one or two things to the person responsible for my present condition. You may succeed in silencing me but that silence comes at a price. You have shown yourself to be as barbaric and ruthless as your most hostile critics have claimed. You have shown yourself to have no respect for life, liberty or any civilised value. You have shown yourself to be unworthy of your office, to be unworthy of the trust of civilised men and women. You may succeed in silencing one man but the howl of protest from around the world will reverberate, Mr Putin, in your ears for the rest of your life. May God forgive you for what you have done, not only to me but to beloved Russia and its people.[31]}}InvestigationInitial stepsGreater London's Metropolitan Police Service Terrorism Unit has been investigating the poisoning and death. The head of the Counter-Terrorism Unit, Deputy Assistant Commissioner Peter Clarke, stated the police "will trace possible witnesses, examine Mr. Litvinenko's movements at relevant times, including when he first became ill and identify people he may have met. There will also be an extensive examination of CCTV footage."[32]The United Kingdom Government COBRA committee met to discuss the investigation.[33] Richard Kolko from the United States FBI stated "when requested by other nations, we provide assistance" – referring to the FBI now joining the investigation for their expertise on radioactive weapons.[34][35] The Metropolitan Police announced on 6 December 2006 that it was treating Litvinenko's death as murder.[42] Interpol has also joined the investigation, providing "speedy exchange of information" between British, Russian and German police.[43] Polonium trailsDetectives traced three distinct polonium trails in and out of London, at three different dates, which according to the investigation suggests Andrey Lugovoy and Dmitry Kovtun made two failed attempts to administer polonium to Litvinenko before the final and successful one. The first attempt took place on 16 October 2006, when radioactive traces were found in all places visited by the FSB operatives before and after their meeting with Litvinenko. They administered the poison to his tea, but he did not drink it. Apparently, Lugovoy and Kovtun did not fully realize they were handling a radioactive poison. Journalist Luke Harding described their behaviour as "idiotic, verging on suicidal"; while handling a leaky container, they stored it in their hotel rooms, used ordinary towels to clean up leaks, and eventually disposed of the poison in the toilet. On 17 October, perhaps realizing they contaminated their rooms, they prematurely checked out, moved to another hotel, and left London the next day. Another unsuccessful assassination attempt took place on 25 October, when Lugovoy and Kovtun flew to London again. They left radioactive traces again in their hotel prior to meeting Litvinenko, but did not administer the poison, perhaps due to security cameras in the meeting room. They again disposed of the poison via their room's toilet, and left London.[36] The third attempt to poison Litvinenko took place at around 5 pm of 1 November in the Millennium Hotel in Grosvenor Square. The bus he travelled in to the hotel had no signs of radioactivity – but large amounts had been detected at the hotel.[37] Polonium was subsequently found in a fourth-floor room and in a cup in the Pine Bar at the hotel.[38] After the Millennium bar, Litvinenko stopped at the office of Boris Berezovsky. He used a fax machine, where radioactive contamination was found later. At 6 pm, Akhmed Zakayev picked Litvinenko up and brought him home to Muswell Hill. The amount of radioactivity left by Litvinenko in the car was so significant that the car was rendered unusable.[47] Everything that he touched at home during the next three days was contaminated. His family was unable to return to the house even six months later. His wife tested positive for ingesting polonium, but did not leave a secondary trail behind her. This suggested that anyone who left a trail could not have picked up the polonium from Litvinenko (possibly, including Lugovoy and Kovtun).[47] The patterns and levels of radioactivity the assassins left behind suggested that Litvinenko ingested polonium, whereas Lugovoy and Kovtun handled it directly.[47] The human body dilutes polonium before excreting it in sweat, which results in a reduced radioactivity level. There were also traces of Po-210 found at the Hey Jo/Abracadabra bar, Dar Marrakesh restaurant, and Lambeth-Mercedes taxis.[39] Besides Litvinenko, only two people left polonium trails: Lugovoy and Kovtun, who were school friends and worked previously for Russian intelligence in the KGB and the GRU, respectively.[47] They left more significant traces of polonium than Litvinenko, indicating that they handled the radioactive material directly, and did not ingest it.[47] Lugovoy and Kovtun met Litvinenko in the Millennium hotel bar twice, on 1 November (when the poisoning took place), and earlier, on 16 October. Trails left by Lugovoy and Kovtun started on 16 October, in the same sushi bar where Litvinenko was poisoned later, but at a different table. It was assumed that their first meeting with Litvinenko was either a rehearsal of the future poisoning, or an unsuccessful attempt at the poisoning.[47] Traces left by Lugovoy were also found in the office of Berezovsky that he visited on 31 October, a day before his second meeting with Litvinenko. Traces left by Kovtun were found in Hamburg, Germany. He left them on his way to London on 28 October.[47] The traces were found in passenger jets[40][41] BA875 and BA873 from Moscow to Heathrow on 25 and 31 October, as well as flights BA872 and BA874 from Heathrow to Moscow on 28 October and 3 November.[42][43] Andrey Lugovoy has said he flew from London to Moscow on a 3 November flight. He stated he arrived in London on 31 October to attend the football match between Arsenal and CSKA Moscow on 1 November.[44] When the news broke that a radioactive substance had been used to murder Litvinenko, a team of scientists rushed to find out how far the contamination had spread. It led them on a trail involving hundreds of people and dozens of locations.[45] British Airways later published a list of 221 flights of the contaminated aircraft, involving around 33,000 passengers, and advised those potentially affected to contact the UK Department of Health for help. On 5 December, they issued an email to all of their customers, informing them that the aircraft had all been declared safe by the UK's Health Protection Agency and would be re-entering service. British extradition requestBritish authorities investigated the death and it was reported on 1 December that scientists at the Atomic Weapons Establishment had traced the source of the polonium to a nuclear power plant in Russia. On 3 December, reports stated that Britain had demanded the right to speak to at least five Russians implicated in Litvinenko's death, and Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov asserted that Moscow was willing to answer "concrete questions."[46] Russian Prosecutor-General Yuri Chaika said on Tuesday 5 December that any Russian citizen who may be charged in the poisoning will be tried in Russia, not Britain.[47] Moreover, Chaika stated that UK detectives may ask questions to Russian citizens only in the presence of Russian prosecutors.[48] On 28 May 2007, the British Foreign Office submitted a formal request to the Russian Government for the extradition of Andrey Lugovoy to the UK to face criminal charges relating to Litvinenko's murder.[64] Extradition declinedThe Russian General Prosecutor's Office declined to extradite Lugovoy, citing that extradition of citizens is not allowed under the Russian constitution (Article 61 of the Constitution of Russia).[49][50][51] Russian authorities later said that Britain has not handed over any evidence against Lugovoy.[52][53] Professor Daniel Tarschys, former Secretary General of the Council of Europe, commented[54] that the Russian Constitution actually "opens the door" for the extradition, and Russia ratified three international treaties on extradition (on 10 December 1999); namely, the European Convention on Extradition[55] and two Additional Protocols[56][57][58] to it. Yury Fedotov, Ambassador of the Russian Federation, pointed out that when the Russian Federation ratified the European Convention on Extradition it entered a declaration[59] concerning Article 6 in these terms: "The Russian Federation declares that in accordance with Article 61 (part 1) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, a citizen of the Russian Federation may not be extradited to another state."[60] BBC programmeOn 7 July 2008, a British security source told the BBC's Newsnight programme: "We very strongly believe the Litvinenko case to have had some state involvement. There are very strong indications."[61] The British government claimed that no intelligence or security officials were authorised to comment on the case.[62][63] Litvinenko InquiryIn January 2016, a UK public inquiry, headed by Sir Robert Owen, found that Andrey Lugovoy and Dmitry Kovtun were responsible for the poisoning of Litvinenko. The inquiry also found that there was a strong probability that Lugovoy and Kovtun were acting under the direction of the FSB, and that their actions were probably approved by both Nikolai Patrushev, Director of the FSB, and President Vladimir Putin.[64][65] Possibly related eventsOn 2 March 2007, Paul Joyal, a former director of security for the U.S. Senate intelligence committee, who the previous weekend alleged on national television that the Kremlin was involved in the poisoning of Litvinenko, was shot near his Maryland home. An FBI spokesman said the agency was "assisting" the police investigation into the shooting. Police would not confirm details of the shooting or of the condition of Joyal. A person familiar with the case said he was in critical condition in hospital. It was reported that while there were no indications that the shooting was linked to the Litvinenko case, it is unusual for the FBI to get involved in a local shooting incident. A person familiar with the situation said NBC had hired bodyguards for some of the journalists involved in the program.[66] In January 2007, the Polish newspaper Dziennik revealed that a target with a photo of Litvinenko on it was used for shooting practice by the Vityaz Training Centre in Balashikha in October 2002.[67] The centre was not affiliated with the government and trained bodyguards, debt collectors and private security forces,[84] although in November 2006 the centre was used by the Vityaz for a qualification examination due to their own centre being under renovation.[84] The targets were photographed when the chairman of the Federation Council of Russia Sergei Mironov visited the centre on 7 November 2006.[67][68] Radiation scientist Matthew Puncher, working with colleagues, calculated the amount of polonium inside Litvinenko's body following his death.[69] In 2015 and 2016, he made work visits in Russia. He returned from Russia "changed completely" - deeply depressed and obsessed about his error in a software program. In May 2016, he was found dead in his home with multiple extensive wounds from two kitchen knives. There was no evidence of a disturbance or a struggle. Home Office pathologist Dr Nicholas Hunt could not entirely exclude that someone else had been involved but declared wounds were self-inflicted and a cause of death as haemorrhaging. Such suicides are extremely rare [70] - in one study was 8 cases of multiple site wounds for 513,182 suicides.[71] Polonium-210Sources and production of poloniumA freelance killer would probably not be able to manufacture polonium from commercially available products in the amounts used for Litvinenko's poisoning, because more than microscopic amounts of polonium can only be produced in state-regulated nuclear reactors.,[47][72] even though one might extract polonium from publicly available products, such as antistatic fans.[73] As production of polonium-210 was discontinued in most countries in late 2000s, all of the world's legal polonium-210 (210Po) production occurs in Russia in RBMK reactors.[74][95][75] About 85 grams (450,000 Ci) are produced by Russia annually for research and industrial purposes. According to Sergei Kiriyenko, the head of Russia's state atomic energy agency, RosAtom, around 0.8 grams per year is exported to U.S. companies through a single authorized supplier. The production of polonium starts from bombardment of bismuth (209Bi) with neutrons at the Mayak nuclear reactors in Ozersk, near the city of Chelyabinsk in Russia. The product is then transferred to the Avangard Electromechanical Plant in the closed city of Sarov.[74][76][77][78] This of course does not exclude the possibility that the polonium that killed Litvinenko was imported by a licensed commercial distributor, but no one—including the Russian government—has proposed that this is likely, particularly in regard to the radiation detected on the British Airways passenger jets travelling between Moscow and London.[79] Russian investigators have said they could not identify the source of polonium.[80] Polonium-210 has a half-life of 138 days and decays to the stable daughter isotope of lead, 206Pb. Therefore, the source is reduced to about one sixteenth of its original radioactivity about 18 months after production. By measuring the proportion of polonium and lead in a sample, one can establish the production date of polonium. The analysis of impurities in the polonium (a kind of "finger print") allows identification of the place of production.[81] The isotope used in killing of Litvinenko has been traced by a British theoretical physics professor Norman Dombey:[82][79] {{Quote|text=The Po-210 used to poison Mr Litvinenko was made at the Avangard facility in Sarov, Russia. One of the isotope-producing reactors at the Mayak facility in Ozersk, Russia, was used for the initial irradiation of bismuth. In my opinion, the Russian state or its agents were responsible for the poisoning. |author=Norman Dombey |source=Supplementary Report by Norman David Dombey }}In addition, Dombey pointed out that Avangard delivers a metallic polonium, which must have been further processed into a solution as used in the Litvinenko assassination, involvement of an FSB poison laboratory was also likely.[79] Possible motivation for using polonium-210Philip Walker, professor of physics at the University of Surrey said: "This seems to have been a substance carefully chosen for its ability to be hard to detect in a person who has ingested it."[83] Oleg Gordievsky, the most senior KGB agent ever to defect to Britain, made a similar comment that Litvinenko's assassination was carefully prepared and rehearsed by Russian secret services,[84] but the poisoners were unaware that technology existed to detect traces left by polonium-210: "Did you know that polonium-210 leaves traces? I didn’t. And no one did. ...what they didn’t know was that this equipment, this technology exists in the West – they didn’t know that, and that was where they miscalculated."[84] Nick Priest, a nuclear scientist and expert on polonium who has worked at most of Russia's nuclear research facilities, says that although the execution of the plot was a "bout of stupidity", the choice of polonium was a "stroke of genius." He says: "the choice of poison was genius in that polonium, carried in a vial in water, can be carried in a pocket through airport screening devices without setting off any alarms", adding, "once administered, the polonium creates symptoms that don't suggest poison for days, allowing time for the perpetrator to make a getaway." Priest asserts that "whoever did it was probably not an expert in radiation protection, so they probably didn't realize how much contamination you can get just by opening the top (of the vial) and closing it again. With the right equipment, you can detect just one count per second." [85] Filmmaker and friend of Litvinenko Andrei Nekrasov has suggested that the poison was "sadistically designed to trigger a slow, tortuous and spectacular demise." [86] Expert on Russia Paul Joyal suggested that "A message has been communicated to anyone who wants to speak out against the Kremlin.... If you do, no matter who you are, where you are, we will find you, and we will silence you, in the most horrible way possible." [87] Russian responseInitial public commentsThe poisoning of Litvinenko immediately led to the suspicion that he was killed by Russian secret services.[88] Viktor Ilyukhin, a deputy chairman of the Russian Parliament's security committee for the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, said that he "can’t exclude that possibility."[89] He apparently referred to a recent Russian counter-terrorism law that gives the President the right to order such actions.[90][91] An investigator of the Russian apartment bombings, Mikhail Trepashkin, wrote in a letter from prison that an FSB team had organised in 2002 to kill Litvinenko. He also reported FSB plans to kill relatives of Litvinenko in Moscow in 2002, although these have not been carried out.[92][93] State Duma member Sergei Abeltsev commented on 24 November 2006:[119] "The deserved punishment reached the traitor. I am confident that this terrible death will be a serious warning to traitors of all colors, wherever they are located: In Russia, they do not pardon treachery. I would recommend citizen Berezovsky to avoid any food at the commemoration for his accomplice Litvinenko." Further response from RussiaMany publications in Russian media suggested that the death of Litvinenko was connected to Boris Berezovsky.[94][95] Former FSB chief Nikolay Kovalyov, for whom Litvinenko worked, said that the incident "looks like [the] hand of Berezovsky. I am sure that no kind of intelligence services participated."[96] This involvement of Berezovsky was alleged by numerous Russian television shows. Shortly after the incident, Russian government dismissed allegations of FSB involvement in the assassination using the argument that Litvinenko was "not important" and "mentally unstable", implying that the government had no interest in killing such an insignificant figure. However, Eduard Limonov observed that the same argument was raised after assassination of Anna Politkovskaya, and described Litvinenko death as "very public execution." [97] An explanation put forward by the Russian Government appeared to be that the deaths of Litvinenko and Politkovskaya were intended to embarrass President Putin. Other allegations included involvement of rogue FSB members[98] or suggestions that Litvinenko was killed because of his research of certain Russian corporations or state officials,[99][100] or as a political intrigue to undermine president Putin.[101] In April 2018, Litvinenko's father Walter told RT News that, although he first thought the Russian government was behind the poisoning, his son's poisoning was "a widely publicized false-flag operation to show the world that Moscow was extremely "cruel," and the way that it allegedly "deals with its enemies."[102][103] Suspects
Kovtun was under investigation by German detectives for suspected plutonium smuggling into Germany in October.[111] Germany dropped the case against Kovtun on November 2009.[112]
Vladislav is said to have arrived in London from Hamburg on 1 November on the same flight as Dmitry Kovtun. His image is recorded by security cameras at Heathrow airport on arrival. He is described as being in his early 30s, tall, strong, with short black hair and Central Asian features. Oleg Gordievsky, an ex-KGB agent, has said that this man was believed to have used a Lithuanian or Slovak passport, and that he left the country using another EU passport. He has also said Vladislav started his preparations in early 2006, "some time between February and April", that he "travelled to London, walked everywhere, and studied everything."[115] Businessman and politician Boris Berezovsky said in a police interview that "Sasha mentioned some person who he met at Millennium Hotel", but would not "remember whether [his name] was Vladimir or Vyacheslav."[116] Litvinenko's friend Alex Goldfarb writes that according to Litvinenko, "Lugovoy brought along a man whom [Litvinenko] had never seen before and who had 'the eyes of a killer.'"[117]
Other persons related to the case
Boris Volodarsky, a KGB defector residing in London, stated that Evgeni Limarev, another former KGB officer residing in France, continued collaboration with the FSB, infiltrated Litvinenko's and Scaramella's circles of trust and misinformed the latter.[125][126][127]
"When I was delivering gin and tonic to the table, I was obstructed. I couldn't see what was happening, but it seemed very deliberate to create a distraction. It made it difficult to put the drink down. "It was the only moment when the situation seemed unfriendly and something went on at that point. I think the polonium was sprayed into the teapot. There was contamination found on the picture above where Mr Litvinenko had been sitting and all over the table, chair and floor, so it must have been a spray. "When I poured the remains of the teapot into the sink, the tea looked more yellow than usual and was thicker – it looked gooey. "I scooped it out of the sink and threw it into the bin. I was so lucky I didn't put my fingers into my mouth, or scratch my eye as I could have got this poison inside me."[134] TimelineBackground history
2006October 2006
November 2006
December 2006
2007February 2007
May 2007
Extradition requests had been granted in the past (For example, in 2002 Murad Garabayev has been handed to Turkmenistan.,[155] Garabayev's extradition was later found unlawful by the Russian courts and he was awarded 20,000 Euros in damages to be paid by the Russian government by the European Court of Human Rights.[156]) Article 63 does not explicitly mention Russian citizens, and therefore does not apply to them, but only to foreign nationals living in Russia. Article 61 supersedes it for the people holding the Russian citizenship.
July 2007
October 2007
December 2008
Comparisons to other deathsDeaths from ingesting radioactive materialsAccording to the IAEA, in 1960, a person ingested 74 MBq of radium (assumed to be 226Ra) and this person died four years later.[166] Harold McCluskey survived 11 years (eventually dying from cardio respiratory failure) after an intake of at least 37 MBq of 241Am (He was exposed in 1976). It is estimated that he suffered doses of 18 Gy to his bone mass, 520 Gy to the bone surface, 8 Gy to the liver and 1.6 Gy to the lungs; it is also claimed that a post mortem examination revealed no signs of cancer in his body. The October 1983 issue of the journal Health Physics was dedicated to McCluskey, and subsequent papers about him appeared in the September 1995 issue.[167] Similar suspicious deaths and poisonings{{See also|List of journalists killed in Russia}}Comparisons have been made to the alleged 2004 poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko, the alleged 2003 poisoning of Yuri Shchekochikhin and the fatal 1978 poisoning of the journalist Georgi Markov by the Bulgarian Committee for State Security. The incident with Litvinenko has also attracted comparisons to the poisoning by radioactive (unconfirmed) thallium of KGB defector Nikolay Khokhlov and journalist Shchekochikhin of Novaya Gazeta (the Novaya Gazeta interview with the former, coincidentally, prepared by Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya, who was later found shot to death in her apartment building).[168] Like Litvinenko, Shchekochikhin had investigated the Russian apartment bombings (he was a member of the Kovalev Commission that hired Litvinenko's friend Mikhail Trepashkin as a legal counsel). KGB defector and British agent Oleg Gordievsky believes the murders of Zelimkhan Yandarbiev, Shchekochikhin, and Politkovskaya and the incident with Litvinenko show that the FSB has returned to the practice of political assassinations,[169] which were conducted in the past by Thirteenth Department of the KGB.[170] A comparison was also made with Roman Tsepov[171] who was responsible for personal protection of Anatoly Sobchak and Putin, and who died in Russia in 2004 from poisoning by an unknown radioactive substance.[172][173] Officers of FSB "special forces" liked to use Litvinenko photos for target practice in shooting galleries, according to Russian journalist Yulia Latynina.[174] References in popular culture
See also{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
References1. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/we-know-kgb-spy-poisoner-445700 |title=We Know KGB Spy Poisoner |newspaper=Daily Mirror |first=Jeff |last=Edwards |date=8 January 2007 |accessdate=28 December 2014}} 2. ^{{Cite news|title = Litvinenko inquiry: Russia involved in spy's death, Scotland Yard says|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/30/litvinenko-inquiry-russia-involved-spy-death-scotland-yard|work = The Guardian|accessdate = 2015-08-03|first = Jamie|last = Grierson}} 3. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/24/litvinenko-inquiry-told-dmitry-kovtun-planned-to-lure-him-to-finish-him-off | title=Litvinenko inquiry told Dmitry Kovtun planned to lure him to 'finish him off' | work=The Guardian | date=July 24, 2015 | accessdate=August 3, 2015}} 4. ^Johns Hopkins University and Hoover Institute scholar David Satter described this controversy in the United States House of Representatives: "With Yeltsin and his family facing possible criminal prosecution, however, a plan was put into motion to put in place a successor who would guarantee that Yeltsin and his family would be safe from prosecution and the criminal division of property in the country would not be subject to reexamination. For "Operation Successor" to succeed, however, it was necessary to have a massive provocation. In my view, this provocation was the bombing in September 1999 of the apartment building bombings in Moscow, Buinaksk, and Volgodonsk. In the aftermath of these attacks, which claimed 300 lives, a new war was launched against Chechnya. Putin, the newly appointed prime minister who was put in charge of that war, achieved overnight popularity. Yeltsin resigned early. Putin was elected president and his first act was to guarantee Yeltsin immunity from prosecution." (PDF) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927065706/http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/SatterHouseTestimony2007.pdf |date=27 September 2011 }} 5. ^{{cite web| title = Russia Denies Involvement in 1999 Armenian Parliament Shooting | date = 12 May 2005| url = http://www.armeniandiaspora.com/showthread.php?26585-Russia-Denies-Involvement-in-1999-Armenian-Parliament-Shooting| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173102/http://www.armeniandiaspora.com/showthread.php?26585-Russia-Denies-Involvement-in-1999-Armenian-Parliament-Shooting| dead-url = yes| archive-date = 3 March 2016| accessdate =25 March 2007 }} 6. ^Russia and Islam are not Separate: Why Russia backs Al-Qaeda {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219040336/http://cicentre.com/Documents/russia_islam_not_separate.html |date=19 December 2007 }}, by Konstantin Preobrazhensky. According to Preobrazhenskiy, "At that time, Litvinenko was the Head of the Subdivision for Internationally Wanted Terrorists of the First Department of the Operative-Inquiry Directorate of the FSB Anti-Terrorist Department. He was ordered to undertake the delicate mission of securing Al-Zawahiri from unintentional disclosure by the Russian police. Though Al-Zawahiri had been brought to Russia by the FSB using a false passport, it was still possible for the police to learn about his arrival and report to Moscow for verification. Such a process could disclose Al-Zawahiri as an FSB collaborator. In order to prevent this, Litvinenko visited a group of the highly placed police officers to notify them in advance." 7. ^{{Cite book|title=Putin, Russia's choice|last=Sakwa|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Sakwa|year=2008|edition=2nd|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-40765-6|pages=158–159}} 8. ^Alex Goldfarb and Marina Litvinenko. Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB, The Free Press (2007) {{ISBN|1-4165-5165-4}} 9. ^{{cite web | last = Batten | first =Gerard | title = Gerard Batten MEP – "60 second speech to the European Parliament "Romano Prodi" – Strasbourg | publisher = United Kingdom Independence Party | date = 3 April 2006 | url = http://www.ukip.org/ukip_news/gen12.php?t=1&id=2055 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061013081221/http://www.ukip.org/ukip_news/gen12.php?t=1&id=2055 | archivedate = 13 October 2006 | accessdate =21 November 2006 }} 10. ^{{cite news | last = Owen | first =Richard | title = Exile's contact in hiding after 'being made a scapegoat' |work=The Times | date = 20 November 2006 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2462162,00.html | accessdate =21 November 2006 | location=London}} 11. ^1 Alan Cowell, The Terminal Spy 12. ^{{cite journal| url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)00144-6/abstract | last =Nathwani | first =Amit C | title=Polonium-210 poisoning: a first-hand account |journal=The Lancet |volume=388| issue =10049 | pages=1075–1080 |date=10 September 2016 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00144-6 | accessdate=6 August 2016}} 13. ^{{cite news|title=Litvinenko: A deadly trail of polonium|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-33678717|accessdate=21 January 2016|publisher=BBC News|date=28 July 2015}} 14. ^1 "Death of a Dissident", page 327 15. ^{{cite web | title = Health Protection Agency press release | publisher = HPA | date = 24 November 2006 | url =http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpa/news/articles/press_releases/2006/241106_litvinenko.htm | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20061126112245/http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpa/news/articles/press_releases/2006/241106_litvinenko.htm | archivedate =26 November 2006 | accessdate =24 November 2006 }} 16. ^{{cite news | title = Trio in clinic after spy's death |publisher=BBC News | date = 27 November 2006 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6186666.stm | accessdate =27 November 2006 }} 17. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.3rd1000.com/elements/Polonium.htm#Overview| title=Polonium| accessdate=3 August 2008}} 18. ^{{cite journal| url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)00144-6/abstract | last =Nathwani | first =Amit C | title=Polonium-210 poisoning: a first-hand account |journal=The Lancet | volume =388 | issue =10049 | pages =1075–1080 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00144-6 | pmid =27461439 | accessdate=6 August 2016| year =2016 }} 19. ^{{cite news | last = Townsend | first =Mark | title = Poisoning of Russian agent raises fears of UK vendetta |work=The Guardian | date = 19 November 2006 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,,1952004,00.html | accessdate =21 November 2006| location=London}} 20. ^{{cite news | last = Murphy | first =Kim | title = Poison victim is Kremlin critic | work=Los Angeles Times | date = 21 November 2006 | url = http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-poison21nov21,1,1336322.story?coll=la-headlines-world | accessdate =23 September 2013}} 21. ^1 {{cite news | title = Ex-spy's '50% chance of survival{{'-}} |work=The Guardian | date = 19 November 2006 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/uklatest/story/0,,-6225933,00.html | accessdate =21 November 2006| location=London}}{{Dead link |date=September 2009}} 22. ^{{cite news | last = Cobain | first =Ian | title = Poisoned former KGB man dies in hospital |work=The Guardian | date = 24 November 2006 | url =https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,,1955864,00.html | accessdate =24 November 2006| location=London}} 23. ^{{cite news | title = London doctor: Radioactive poison may be in ex-Russian spy | url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-11-20-spy_x.htm | date = 21 November 2006 | accessdate =24 November 2006 |work=USA Today }} 24. ^{{cite news | title = Doctors in dark on poisoned ex-spy | url = http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/21/uk.spypoisoned/index.html | date = 21 November 2006 | accessdate =22 November 2006 | publisher = CNN }} 25. ^{{cite web | title = Murió Alexander Litvinenko, el ex espía ruso que fue envenenado en Londres | url = http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/europa/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-3337667.html | date = 24 November 2006 | accessdate =24 November 2006 | publisher = El Tiempo|language=es}}{{Dead link |date=September 2009}} 26. ^{{cite news | title = Ex-spy's condition deteriorates |publisher=BBC | date = 24 November 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6176004.stm | accessdate =24 November 2006 }} 27. ^{{cite news | title = Poisoned Russian former spy dies | publisher = CNN | date = 23 November 2006 | url = http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/23/uk.spypoisoned/index.html | accessdate =23 November 2006 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061124044529/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/23/uk.spypoisoned/index.html | archivedate = 24 November 2006}} 28. ^{{cite web | title = Spy Death: Italian Cleared By Medics | publisher = Sky News | date = 1 December 2006 | url = http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/200806413554873 | quote=thought to have ingested or inhaled polonium-210 | accessdate =9 September 2009}} 29. ^1 2 {{cite news | first = Philippe | last = Naughton | title = British police arrive in Moscow to hunt for spy death clues |work=The Times | date = 4 December 2006 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article659441.ece | quote=died three weeks after ingesting a toxic radioactive isotope, polonium-210 | accessdate =9 September 2009 | location=London}} 30. ^{{cite news | title = 'Solemn' burial for murdered spy |publisher=BBC News | date = 7 December 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6216202.stm | accessdate =26 August 2008}} 31. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6180262.stm |work=BBC News | title=In full: Litvinenko statement | date=24 November 2006}} 32. ^{{cite web |title = Police investigation into the death of Alexander Litvinenko |publisher = Metropolitan Police Service |date = 24 November 2006 |url = http://cms.met.police.uk/news/major_operational_announcements/police_investigation_into_the_death_of_alexander_litvinenko |accessdate = 27 November 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090813033634/http://cms.met.police.uk/news/major_operational_announcements/police_investigation_into_the_death_of_alexander_litvinenko |archive-date = 13 August 2009 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}} 33. ^{{cite news |last = Brown |first = Colin and Castle, Stephen |title = Cobra meets over fears about assassination squad |work = The Independent |date = 24 November 2006 |url = http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/article2013335.ece |accessdate = 27 November 2006 |location = London |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930200119/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/article2013335.ece |archivedate = 30 September 2007 |df = dmy-all}} 34. ^{{cite news | title = FBI joins in Russian spy death probe |work=The Sydney Morning Herald | date = 1 December 2006 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/fbi-joins-in-russian-spy-death-probe/2006/12/01/1164777758528.html | accessdate =1 December 2006}} 35. ^{{cite news |last = Quinn |first = Jennifer |title = FBI Joins Investigation of Poisoned Spy |agency = Associated Press |date = 30 November 2006 |df = dmy-all}} 36. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/06/alexander-litvinenko-and-the-most-radioactive-towel-in-history|title=Alexander Litvinenko and the most radioactive towel in history|last=Harding|first=Luke|date=2016-03-06|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-03-12}} 37. ^{{cite news | title =Litvinenko 'poisoned at hotel' | publisher =News24 | date = 11 December 2006 | url = http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,9294,2-10-1462_2043107,00.html | accessdate =19 December 2006 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061222152746/http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0%2C9294%2C2-10-1462_2043107%2C00.html| archivedate=22 December 2006}} 38. ^{{cite news | title = Detectives focus on hotel as site of Litvinenko poisoning |work=The Scotsman | date = 9 December 2006 | url = http://news.scotsman.com/uk.cfm?id=1830482006 | accessdate =19 December 2006 | location=Edinburgh}} 39. ^{{cite news | title = The polonium trail: Key locations |publisher=BBC | date = 17 August 2007 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/6267373.stm | accessdate =12 September 2011}} 40. ^{{cite web | last = Cowell | first = Alan | title = Planes tested for radioactivity in link to death of the former Russian spy |work=New York Times | date = 29 November 2006 | url = http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/11/29/news/russia.php | accessdate =30 November 2006 }} 41. ^{{cite news | title = Radiation on airliners may be from poisoned spy | publisher = CNN | date = 29 November 2006 | url = http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/29/uk.spy.ba.ap/index.html | accessdate =30 November 2006 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061129210428/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/29/uk.spy.ba.ap/index.html| archivedate = 29 November 2006}} 42. ^{{cite news | title = BA jets grounded after radiation discovered at Heathrow |work=The Times | date = 29 November 2006 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2478451,00.html | accessdate =29 November 2006 | location=London| first1=Sam| last1=Knight}} 43. ^{{cite news | last = Oliver | first =Mark | title = Radiation found at 12 sites in Litvinenko case |work=The Guardian | date = 30 November 2006 | url = http://politics.guardian.co.uk/print/0,,329649159-110481,00.html | accessdate =30 November 2006| location=London}} 44. ^{{cite news | title = Victim's tea companion denies any involvement |work=The Times | date = 24 November 2006 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2469663,00.html | accessdate =29 November 2006 | location=London| first1=Tony| last1=Halpin}} 45. ^{{cite news | title = Who else was poisoned by polonium? |work=The Guardian | date = 5 June 2007 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/story/0,,2095599,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=18 | accessdate =5 June 2006| location=London| first=Steve| last=Boggan}} 46. ^{{cite news | first = Brian | last = Brady | title = Spy death: 5 Russians wanted |work=The Scotsman | date = 3 December 2006 | url = http://news.scotsman.com/politics.cfm?id=1792032006 | accessdate =3 December 2006 | location=Edinburgh}} 47. ^{{cite news | title = Russia says no extradition for Litvinenko suspects | publisher = Reuters | date = 5 December 2006 | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSL0562631020061205 | accessdate =5 December 2006 }} 48. ^{{cite web | first = Neil | last = Buckley | title = Russians set limits in helping polonium death case |work=Financial Times | date = 5 December 2006 | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/28d68a18-848e-11db-87e0-0000779e2340.html | accessdate =5 December 2006 }} 49. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-03.htm |title=Chapter 2. Rights and Freedoms of Man And Citizen | The Constitution of the Russian Federation |publisher=Constitution.ru |accessdate=21 November 2010}} 50. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSL0536765420070705?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 UPDATE 5-Russia rejects UK's Litvinenko extradition request] Reuters Retrieved 16 March 2008 51. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/letters/article2099940.ece |work=The Times | location=London | title=Russia has the right to refuse extradition | date=19 July 2007 | accessdate=22 May 2010}} 52. ^{{cite web |url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070829/75649246.html |title=RIA Novosti – Russia – Wrap: Lugovoi says innocent, Berezovsky behind Litvinenko murder |publisher=En.rian.ru |accessdate=21 November 2010}} 53. ^'I am a True Democrat', G-8 interview with Vladimir Putin, Der Spiegel, 4 June 2007 54. ^{{cite web | title = Article opens door to extradition of Lugovoi | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/7a2c916a-3590-11dc-bb16-0000779fd2ac.html | author = Prof Daniel Tarschys | date = 19 July 2007 |work=Financial Times | accessdate =4 August 2007}} 55. ^{{cite web | title = European Convention on Extradition | url = http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/024.htm | publisher = Council of Europe, Paris | date = 13 December 1957 | accessdate =4 August 2007}} 56. ^{{cite web | title = Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Extradition | url = http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/086.htm | publisher = Council of Europe, Strasbourg | date = 15 October 1975 | accessdate =4 August 2007}} 57. ^{{cite web | title = Second Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Extradition | url = http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/098.htm | publisher = Council of Europe, Strasbourg | date = 17 March 1978 | accessdate =4 August 2007}} 58. ^{{cite web | title = Archives 1999 on changes in Treaties | url = http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Archives/News/News_1999.htm | publisher = Council of Europe, Strasbourg | year = 1978 | accessdate =4 August 2007}} 59. ^{{cite web | title = European Convention on Extradition. List of the declarations made by: Russia | url = http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&CM=5&CN=999&CV=1&MA=15&PO=RUS&VL=1 | publisher = Council of Europe, Strasbourg | year = 1999 | accessdate =15 November 2008}} 60. ^Russia has the right to refuse extradition -Times Online{{dead link |date=November 2010}} 61. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/russia-backed-dissidents-poisoning-862145.html Russia 'backed dissident's poisoning'] By Sadie Gray The Independent 8 July 2008. 62. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2284732/Britain-seeks-to-defuse-row-with-Russia-over-Alexander-Litvinenko-murder.html|title=Britain seeks to defuse row with Russia over Alexander Litvinenko murder|author=Jon Swaine|date=11 July 2008|work=Telegraph.co.uk}} 63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/08d5ffa8-4ed3-11dd-ba7c-000077b07658.html|title=UK seeks to defuse Russian ire over killing|work=Financial Times}} 64. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35370819|title=President Putin 'probably approved Litvinkenko murder'|date=21 January 2016|accessdate=21 January 2016|publisher=BBC News}} 65. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/report|publisher=The Litvinenko Inquiry|title=Report|accessdate=21 January 2016}} 66. ^"Expert in Litvinenko death is shot" Expert in Litvinenko death is shot, Demetri Sevastopulo, 4 March 2007 67. ^1 Russian special forces shot at Litvinenko {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114085313/http://www.dziennik.pl/article48074/Russian_special_forces_shot_at_Litvinenko.html |date=14 January 2009 }}, Dariusz Rembelski, Magdalena Miroszewska, Dziennik Online, 30 January 2007. 68. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.kommersant.com/p738293/r_530/Litvinenko_Shooting_Gallery/ |title=Litvinenko Shooting Gallery |last=Voronov |first=Alexander |author2=Chistyakova, Marina |author3=Barakhova, Alla |date=31 January 2007 |publisher=Kommersant |accessdate=6 April 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5omcBIRHR?url=http://www.kommersant.com/p738293/r_530/Litvinenko_Shooting_Gallery/ |archivedate=6 April 2010 |df=dmy }} ( at WebCite) 69. ^{{cite web|last1=Imogen Robinson|title=Top scientist who discovered Litvinenko poison 'stabbed himself to death with two knives' after trip to Russia|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/top-scientist-who-discovered-litvinenko-9325403|publisher=Mirror Online|accessdate=15 March 2018|date=November 2016}} 70. ^{{cite web|title=The Man Who Knew Too Much|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/janebradley/scientist-who-helped-connect-litvinenkos-murder-to-the|publisher=BuzzFeed News|accessdate=15 March 2018|date=June 2017}} 71. ^{{cite journal|last1=Byard|first1=RW|last2=Klitte|first2=A|last3=Gilbert|first3=JD|last4=James|first4=RA|title=Clinicopathologic features of fatal self-inflicted incised and stab wounds: a 20-year study.|journal=The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology|volume=23|issue=1|pages=15–8|date=March 2002|pmid=11953487}} 72. ^{{cite web | last = Felgenhauer | first = Pavel | title = Russian political intrigue means Putin could not have been in the dark about Litvinenko attack | publisher = Jamestown Foundation | date = 29 November 2006 | url = http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2371683 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184230/http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2371683 | archivedate = 30 September 2007 | accessdate =3 December 2006 }} 73. ^{{cite news | title = Polonium, $22.50 Plus Tax | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 3 December 2006 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/03/weekinreview/03broad.html?pagewanted=2&_r=3 | accessdate = 21 May 2016| last1 = Broad | first1 = William J. }} 74. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Death of a dissident, pages 336–341. 75. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/06/AR2007010601491.html Poisoning Of Ex-Agent Sets Off Alarm Bells. Nuclear Regulators Fear Wider Attempt] By Peter Finn, Washington Post, Sunday, 7 January 2007 76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/news/2008/intell-080402-rianovosti01.htm|title=U.S. lawmakers urge Russia to assist Britain in Litvinenko case|author=John Pike|publisher=}} 77. ^Conversion of the radioisotope production at the Avangard plant {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310091050/http://www.ransac.org/Projects/WMD%20Expertise%20Redirection%20Project/Nonproliferation%20Centers%20Reports%20and%20Projects/avangard_paper5.html |date=10 March 2005 }} by Partnership for global security 78. ^{{cite news | last = Gardham | first= Duncan and Steele, John | title = Spy's contact and wife also poisoned |work=Daily Telegraph | date = 2 December 2006 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/12/02/npoison02.xml | accessdate =2 December 2006| location=London}} 79. ^1 2 {{cite book | title=A Very Expensive Poison: The Definitive Story of the Murder of Litvinenko and Russia's War with the West | publisher=Guardian Faber Publishing | author=Harding, Luke | year=2016 | isbn=978-1783350933}} 80. ^{{cite web | title = Russian experts fail to find polonium source in Litvinenko case | publisher = RIA Novosti | date = 21 January 2008 | url = http://en.rian.ru/russia/20071002/81934498.html | accessdate =21 January 2008}} 81. ^{{cite news | last = Sample | first =Ian | title = Explainer: Polonium 210 |work=The Guardian | date = 25 November 2006 | url =https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,,1956792,00.html | accessdate =30 November 2006| location=London}} 82. ^1 {{cite web | url=https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/INQ020031x.pdf | title=Supplementary Report by Norman David Dombey | accessdate=2016-03-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414173826/https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/INQ020031x.pdf | archive-date=14 April 2016 | dead-url=yes | df=dmy-all }} 83. ^{{cite news| title = What is polonium-210?|publisher=BBC News| date = 8 December 2006| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6181688.stm| accessdate =12 March 2007}} 84. ^1 {{cite web| title = Смерть Литвиненко "была отрепетирована, как в Большом театре"| publisher = svobodanews.ru| date = 19 December 2006| url = http://www.svobodanews.ru/Article/2006/12/19/20061219101636110.html| accessdate =12 March 2007}} English translation: {{cite web| title = Litvinenko: Gordievsky Interview – II| date = 19 December 2006| url = http://halldor2.wordpress.com/2006/12/19/litvinenko-gordievsky-interview-ii/}} 85. ^{{cite news | title = 'The sadistic poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko'|publisher=CBC|location=Canada| date = 19 December 2006| url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/reportsfromabroad/murray/20061219.html| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103223932/http://www.cbc.ca/news/reportsfromabroad/murray/20061219.html | archivedate=3 January 2007| accessdate =28 March 2008}} 86. ^{{cite news| title = 'Promise me you won't go back to Russia – or you will be the next'|work=The Times| date = 24 November 2006| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article648230.ece| accessdate =12 March 2007 | location=London| first=Andrei| last=Nekrasov}} 87. ^{{cite web| title = Who killed Alexander Litvinenko?| publisher = NBC News| date = 25 February 2007| url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17332541/| accessdate =12 March 2007}} 88. ^{{cite news | title = Leading Russian critic of Putin's regime is poisoned in London |work=The Daily Telegraph | date = 20 November 2006 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/19/npoison19.xml | accessdate =6 November 2007| first1=Andrew| last1=Alderson| first2=James| last2=Glover}} 89. ^{{cite news |title = Poisoned by radiation |work = The Sun |date = 21 November 2006 |url = http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2-2006540128,00.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070516175838/http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2-2006540128,00.html |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 16 May 2007 |accessdate = 24 November 2006 |location = London |df = dmy-all}} 90. ^{{cite web | title = Федеральный закон Российской Федерации от 6 марта 2006 г. N 35-ФЗ О противодействии терроризму | publisher = Government of Russia | date = 20 November 2006 | url = http://www.rg.ru/2006/03/10/borba-terrorizm.html | accessdate =24 November 2006 |language=ru}} 91. ^{{cite news | last = Eke | first = Steven | title = Russia law on killing 'extremists' abroad |publisher=BBC News | date = 27 November 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6188658.stm | accessdate =27 November 2006 }} 92. ^{{cite web | script-title=ru:М. Трепашкин: "Создана очень серьезная группа" | publisher = Chechen Press State News Agency | date = 1 December 2006 | url = http://www.chechenpress.info/events/2006/12/01/03.shtml | accessdate =1 December 2006 |language=ru}} 93. ^{{cite web |script-title=ru:Березовский и УРПО / дело Литвиненко |publisher="Агентура.Ру" |date=27 November 2006 |url=http://www.agentura.ru/timeline/1998/urpo/ |accessdate=30 November 2006 |language=ru |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208212745/http://www.agentura.ru/timeline/1998/urpo/ |archivedate=8 December 2006 |df=dmy }} 94. ^{{cite web |last = Weaver |first = John |title = Mafia Hit On The Media |publisher = Atlantic Free Press |date = 24 November 2006 |url = http://www.atlanticfreepress.com/content/view/262/ |accessdate = 26 November 2006 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071016222702/http://www.atlanticfreepress.com/content/view/262/ |archivedate = 16 October 2007 |df = dmy-all}} 95. ^{{cite web | last = Alexeev | first = Petr | title = Politkovskaya, Litvinenko, who is next? | publisher = Electorat. Info | date = 24 November 2006 | url = http://www.electorat.info/oligarx/22196-1/ | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070224230746/http://www.electorat.info/oligarx/22196-1/ | archivedate = 24 February 2007 | accessdate =26 November 2006 |language=ru}} 96. ^{{cite web | title = Who orchestrated plan to discredit Russia? | publisher = Kommersant | date = 25 November 2006 | url = http://www.kommersant.ru/doc-y.html?docId=724957&issueId=30261 | accessdate =26 November 2006 |language=ru}} 97. ^{{Cite web|url=http://exile.ru/print.php?ARTICLE_ID=8393&IBLOCK_ID=35|title=Print article|website=exile.ru|access-date=2016-03-30}} 98. ^{{cite news | title = Litvinenko affair: now the man who warned him poisoned too |work=The Guardian | date = 2 December 2006 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,,1962354,00.html | accessdate =2 December 2006| location=London| first=Ian| last=Cobain}} 99. ^{{cite news | last = McGrory | first =Daniel and Halpin, Tony | title = Poisoned spy visited Israel with oil dossier |work=The Times | date = 27 November 2006 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2473385_1,00.html | accessdate =27 November 2006 | location=London}} 100. ^{{cite news | title = Litvinenko murdered over damaging file on Russian business partner: BBC | publisher = Yahoo! | date = 16 December 2006 | url = https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20061216/wl_uk_afp/britainrussiaspycompany_061216164519 | accessdate =20 December 2006 }}{{Dead link |date=September 2009}} 101. ^{{cite web| title = Radioactive Trail Follows Litvinenko| publisher = St. Petersburg Times| date = 28 November 2006| url = http://www.times.spb.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=19601| accessdate =2 December 2006 }} 102. ^{{cite news|title=‘UK investigators set to hide the truth, not find it’ – Litvinenko’s father on Skripal case|url=https://www.rt.com/news/422999-litvinenko-father-skripal-case-truth/|accessdate=3 April 2018|agency=RT News|date=2 April 2018}} 103. ^{{cite news|last1=Boyko|first1=Oksana|title=BAD CHEMISTRY? Ft. Walter Litvinenko, Father of Alexander Litvinenko|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSTydJE8ORY&|accessdate=3 April 2018|agency=RT News (via WorldsApaRT YouTube channel)|date=1 April 2018}} 104. ^1 Litvinenko inquiry closes in on suspected killers {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107124737/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2129960.ece |date=7 January 2007 }} The Independent. 6 January 2007. By Jason Bennetto, Crime Correspondent 105. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/01/07/nlitvin07.xml Police believe Litvinenko poisoned twice] The Daily Telegraph. 6 January 2007. By David Harrison, Sunday Telegraph 106. ^Litvinenko murder witness leaves hospital Reuters. 10 January 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201124941/http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,21037379-38200,00.html |date=1 December 2007 }} 107. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nysun.com/foreign/specter-that-haunts-the-death-of-litvinenko/73212/|title=The Specter That Haunts the Death of Litvinenko|author=EDWARD JAY EPSTEIN|publisher=}} 108. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/europe/the-litvinenko-files-was-he-really-murdered-819534.html |title=The Litvinenko files: Was he really murdered?|first=Mary|last=Dejevsky|authorlink=Mary Dejesvsky|publisher=The Independent|date= 2 May 2008|accessdate=5 May 2008}} 109. ^{{cite news | last = The Economist | title = A Remarkable Plot | publisher = Economist | date = 11 December 2006 | url = http://www.economist.com/daily/news/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8401580&top_story=1 | accessdate =11 December 2006 }} 110. ^{{cite web|last=German Press Agency |title=Kovtun contaminated with polonium on way through Hamburg |publisher=German Press Agency |date=10 December 2006 |url=http://rawstory.com/news/2006/Kovtun_contaminated_with_polonium_o_12102006.html |accessdate=10 December 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818082631/http://rawstory.com/news/2006/Kovtun_contaminated_with_polonium_o_12102006.html |archivedate=18 August 2009 }} 111. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | title = Interpol joins Litvinenko inquiry |publisher=BBC News | date = 13 December 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6172765.stm | accessdate =14 December 2006}} 112. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6915002.ece|title=Login |others=Dead link or subscription required}} 113. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/25/npoison725.xml | title = I'm not Vladimir, says the third man | accessdate =11 March 2007| work=The Daily Telegraph| location=London| first=Adrian| last=Blomfield| date=25 November 2006}} 114. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.axisglobe.com/article.asp?article=1200 | title = Eurasian Security Services Daily Review | accessdate =11 March 2007 }} 115. ^{{cite web|title=Олег Гордиевский: "Убийца Литвиненко умрет через 3 года" |publisher=Moskovski Komsomolets |date=25 January 2007 |url=http://www.mk.ru/blogs/MK/2007/01/25/abroad/90421/ |accessdate=16 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219102631/http://www.mk.ru/blogs/MK/2007/01/25/abroad/90421/ |archivedate=19 December 2008 }} 116. ^{{Citation| publisher = The Litvinenko Foundation| page = 52| url = http://litvinenko.org.uk/bb.pdf|title=Record of Interview: Boris Berezovsky|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926091133/http://litvinenko.org.uk/bb.pdf| archivedate =26 September 2007}} 117. ^{{cite journal| title = Who Killed Alexander Litvinenko?| journal = Slate| date = 8 June 2007| url = http://www.slate.com/id/2167972/entry/2167974/| accessdate =16 January 2008}} 118. ^{{cite news| last = The Daily Mail| title = Scotland Yard hunt for 'Igor the assassin' as Hain breaks ranks to attack Putin|work=Daily Mail| date = 26 November 2006| url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=418820&in_page_id=1770| accessdate =6 November 2007| location=London}} 119. ^{{cite news | last = Anderson | first =Paul | title = Kildare incident linked to Litvinenko death |work=The Irish Times | date = 29 November 2006 | url = http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2006/1129/breaking82.htm | accessdate =30 November 2006 }} 120. ^{{cite web | title = Gaidar's family and friends refuse to say which hospital he is located in, for fear of his life | publisher = Newsru | date = 30 November 2006 | url = http://www.newsru.com/russia/30nov2006/gaidar.html | accessdate =30 November 2006|language=ru}} 121. ^{{cite web | title = White Noise | date = 30 November 2006 | url = http://www.ej.ru/dayTheme/entry/5498/ | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061205101242/http://www.ej.ru/dayTheme/entry/5498/ | archivedate = 5 December 2006 | accessdate =30 November 2006|language=ru}} 122. ^{{cite web|last=Davies |first=Andrew |title=Positive radiation test |publisher=Channel 4 |date=1 December 2006 |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/special-reports/special-reports-storypage.jsp?id=4049 |accessdate=2 December 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114060829/http://www.channel4.com/news/special-reports/special-reports-storypage.jsp?id=4049 |archivedate=14 January 2009 }} 123. ^{{cite news | title = Italian undergoing tests in poisoned spy case | agency = Associated Press | date = 2 December 2006 | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16002222/ | accessdate =2 December 2006 }} 124. ^{{cite news |last=Milmo |first=Cahal |author2=Popham, Peter |author3=Bennetto, Jason |title=Litvinenko 'smuggled nuclear material' |date=29 November 2006 |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2023856.ece |accessdate=2 December 2006 |location=London |work=The Independent |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114073131/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2023856.ece |archivedate=14 January 2008 |df=dmy }} 125. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20070308134134/http://www.svobodanews.ru/Article/2007/03/06/20070306173434490.html They wanted to lead a person to Litvinenko and make that person a suspect], an interview with Boris Volodarsky by Natalia Golitsyna, Radio Liberty, 6 March 2007. [https://archive.is/20120905223057/http://www.online-translator.com/url/tran_url.asp?direction=re&autotranslate=on&transliterate=on&url=http://www.svobodanews.ru/Article/2007/03/06/20070306173434490.html Machine translation]. 126. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ilgiornale.it/a.pic1?ID=153326|title=Così gli 007 di Mosca hanno incastrato Scaramella|work=ilGiornale.it}} 127. ^1 {{cite news|script-title=ru:"Мой агент Саша" Литвиненко|url=http://www.svobodanews.ru/content/article/1885663.html|publisher=Radio Liberty|date=23 November 2009|author=Anastasiya Kirilenko|language=Russian|accessdate=23 November 2009}} (interview with Paolo Guzzanti) 128. ^{{cite news | title = Pair test positive for polonium |publisher=BBC | date = 1 December 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6199464.stm | accessdate =2 December 2006}} 129. ^{{cite web | last = Brownell | first = Ginnane | title = Did He Let His Guard Down? | publisher = Newsweek/MSNBC | date = 30 November 2006 | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15975091/site/newsweek/ | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061216100705/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15975091/site/newsweek/ | archivedate = 16 December 2006 | accessdate =3 January 2007}} 130. ^{{cite web |last = Stebbings |first = Peter |title = Radiation scare at home of poisoned ex-spy |publisher = This Is Hertfordshire |date = 30 November 2006 |url = http://www.thisishertfordshire.co.uk/news/roundup/display.var.1048696.0.radiation_scare_at_home_of_poisoned_exspy.php |accessdate = 30 November 2006 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011714/http://www.thisishertfordshire.co.uk/news/roundup/display.var.1048696.0.radiation_scare_at_home_of_poisoned_exspy.php |archivedate = 28 September 2007 |df = dmy-all}} 131. ^{{cite news | title = Moves to allay health fears after radiation found |work=Daily Telegraph | date = 28 November 2006 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/health/2006/11/28/npoison125.xml | accessdate =30 November 2006| location=London| first1=Matt| last1=Barnwell| first2=Duncan| last2=Gardham| first3=Sally| last3=Pook}} 132. ^{{cite web | title = Polonium for Litvinenko's Murder Transported in Car of Chechen Emissary Ahmed Zakayev | work=Daily Telegraph | date = 2 December 2006 | url = http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n100761 | accessdate =2 December 2006}} 133. ^{{cite news | title = Spy widow points finger at Russia |publisher=BBC News | date = 10 December 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6165913.stm | accessdate =10 December 2006}} 134. ^1 {{cite news | title = Litvinenko waiter recounts polonium poisoning | publisher = Telegraph Media Group | date = 15 July 2007 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1557492/Litvinenko-waiter-recounts-polonium-poisoning.html | accessdate =4 December 2013| location=London| first=Richard| last=Gray}} 135. ^1 2 {{ cite news |title = Litvinenko's associate 'in a coma' as spy murder mystery deepens |work = The Independent |date = 8 December 2006 |url = http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2055590.ece |accessdate = 9 December 2006 |location = London |first1 = Cahal |last1 = Milmo |first2 = Andrew |last2 = Osborn |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070108191538/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2055590.ece |archivedate = 8 January 2007 |df = dmy-all}} 136. ^{{ cite news | title = Litvinenko Contact Says He Was Contaminated by Ex-Spy | publisher = Deutsche Welle | date = 13 December 2006 | url = http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2270583,00.html | accessdate =14 December 2006 }} 137. ^"Ex-KGB spy 'was poisoned in hotel'", The Times, 8 December 2006 138. ^"Officials: Traces Predate Spy Poisoning", CBS News, 10 December 2006 139. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17332541/page/3/ | title=Who killed Alexander Litvinenko? | accessdate=16 March 2007 | publisher=MSNBC/NBC | author=Ann Curry }} 140. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article642902.ece | title=Kremlin gave order to kill dissident and former spy, claims top defector | accessdate=16 March 2007 |work=The Times | author=Michael Binyon | location=London| date=20 November 2006}} 141. ^1 {{cite web |title=Address to Duma by Sergei Abeltsev |publisher=Duma |date=25 November 2006 |url=http://wbase.duma.gov.ru/steno/nph-sdb.exe?B0CW%5bF11&24.11.2006&F11&&F11&&F258&^&%5dH2512 |accessdate=8 December 2006 |language=ru }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 142. ^1 {{cite web | first=Jill | last=Lawless | title = Ex-spy's death to be treated as murder | publisher = yahoo! AP | date = 6 December 2006 | url =https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061206/ap_on_re_eu/britain_poisoned_spy | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20061207235346/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061206/ap_on_re_eu/britain_poisoned_spy | archivedate =7 December 2006 | accessdate =8 December 2006 }} 143. ^{{cite web |title = General Procurator's office of the Russian Federation filed criminal charges of the murder of Alexander Litvinenko, and the attempted murder of Dmitry Kovtuna |publisher = Yahoo! AP |date = 7 December 2006 |url = http://www.genproc.gov.ru/ru/news/news_current.shtml?2006/12/5159.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070118144530/http://genproc.gov.ru/ru/news/news_current.shtml?2006%2F12%2F5159.html |archivedate = 18 January 2007 |accessdate = 8 December 2006 |deadurl = yes |df = dmy-all}} 144. ^1 {{cite news | title = Radiation 'trace' at Hamburg flat |publisher=BBC News | date = 9 December 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6163667.stm | accessdate =9 December 2006 }} 145. ^{{cite news | title = POISON SPY: IT WAS IN HIS TEA Cups were 'nuked' |work=Daily Mirror | date = 9 December 2006 | url = https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/tm_headline=poison-spy--it-was-in-his-tea-&method=full&objectid=18235402&siteid=94762-name_page.html | accessdate =9 December 2006 }} 146. ^{{cite news |title = Луговой не сказал, чем интересовались генпрокуратура РФ и Скотланд-Ярд |publisher = RIA Novosti |date = 11 December 2006 |url = http://www.rian.ru/defense_safety/investigations/20061211/56772372.html |accessdate = 11 December 2006 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070102025928/http://www.rian.ru/defense_safety/investigations/20061211/56772372.html |archivedate = 2 January 2007 |df = dmy-all}} 147. ^{{cite news | title = Dead spy's Italy contact arrested |publisher=BBC | date = 24 December 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6208065.stm | accessdate =24 December 2006 }} 148. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/12/28/npoison28.xml | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=Oil billionaire named in Litvinenko inquiry | first=Duncan | last=Gardham | date=28 December 2006 | accessdate=22 May 2010}} 149. ^{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6333809.stm | title = Litvinenko friend breaks silence |publisher=BBC | date = 5 February 2007 | accessdate =11 March 2007 }} 150. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/05/news/poison.php | title = Litvinenko's widow challenges Putin to bring killers to justice | accessdate =11 March 2007 }} 151. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.hpa.org.uk/NewsCentre/NationalPressReleases/2007PressReleases/070208Pol210Update/ |title = Update to investigation of Polonium 210 incident |publisher = Health Protection Agency (H.P.A.). |accessdate = 29 October 2011 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111108154248/http://www.hpa.org.uk/NewsCentre/NationalPressReleases/2007PressReleases/070208Pol210Update/ |archivedate = 8 November 2011 |df = dmy-all}} 152. ^{{cite web|title=British Prosecutors to Press Murder Charges in Litvinenko Case |url=http://voanews.com/english/22May2007-voa13.cfm |publisher=Voice of America |accessdate=22 May 2007 |date=22 May 2007 }}{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 153. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6698545.stm|title=BBC NEWS – UK – UK requests Lugovoi extradition|publisher=|date=2007-05-28}} 154. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-03.htm |title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation. Chapter 2. Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen |publisher=Constitution.ru |accessdate=21 November 2010}} 155. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=CDI+Russia+Profile+List&articleid=a1184779596|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004421/http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=CDI+Russia+Profile+List&articleid=a1184779596|title=Russia Profile – Britain cuts off its nose to spite Russia's face|archivedate=27 September 2007|publisher=}} 156. ^{{cite web |url=http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/Hof.nsf/d0cd2c2c444d8d94c12567c2002de990/6a61916d53a30b1fc12572f10031c5c8?OpenDocument |title=Garabayev vs. Russia |publisher=Sim.law.uu.nl |accessdate=21 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130222203236/http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/Hof.nsf/d0cd2c2c444d8d94c12567c2002de990/6a61916d53a30b1fc12572f10031c5c8?OpenDocument |archivedate=22 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 157. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6706921.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Europe – UK 'behind Litvinenko poisoning'|publisher=|date=2007-05-31}} 158. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6901346.stm|title=BBC NEWS – UK – UK Politics – UK expels four Russian diplomats|publisher=|date=2007-07-16}} 159. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6902046.stm |title=Russia to expel 80 UK diplomats |publisher=BBC News |date=17 July 2007 |accessdate=21 November 2010}} 160. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6906481.stm |title=Russia expels 4 UK diplomats |publisher=BBC News |date=19 July 2007 |accessdate=21 November 2010}} 161. ^{{cite news | title =Revealed: Poisoned ex-Russian spy Litvinenko WAS a paid-up MI6 agent |work=Daily Mail | date = 27 October 2007 | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=490007&in_page_id=1770 | accessdate =9 March 2008| location=London| first=Stephen| last=Wright}} 162. ^{{cite news | title = Widow Says Litvinenko's Accuser Being Directed By FSB | publisher = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty | date = 4 June 2007 | url = http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/06/909eb910-41f9-46c3-9b26-344b27af2e7c.html | accessdate =9 March 2008 }} 163. ^{{cite news |title = Litvinenko's widow denies claims he was MI6 spy |publisher = Independent News and Media Limited |date = 28 October 2007 |url = http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/article3104665.ece |accessdate = 9 March 2008 |location = London |first = Nina |last = Lakhani |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071028194116/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/article3104665.ece |archivedate = 28 October 2007 |df = dmy-all}} 164. ^Anyone harming Russia should be exterminated, says Andrei Lugovoy. The Times. 16 December 2008 165. ^{{ru icon}} Луговой считает, что Саакашвили можно было бы уничтожить в интересах российского государства (Lugovoy thinks Saakashvili can be exterminated in the interests of the Russian state). Interfax. 16 December 2008 166. ^{{cite web |first = Abel J |last = Gonzáles |title = Timely action |publisher = International Atomic Energy Agency |date = March 1999 |url = http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull413/article1.pdf |format = PDF |accessdate = 8 December 2006 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5hO7gbe9a?url=http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull413/article1.pdf |archivedate = 8 June 2009 |df = dmy}} 167. ^{{cite web|last=Gene|first=Carbaugh|title=Harold McCluskey & Hanford Accident|publisher=Vanderbilt University|date=6 May 1996|url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/radsafe/9605/msg00108.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030609233613/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/radsafe/9605/msg00108.html|archivedate=9 June 2003|accessdate=8 December 2006}} 168. ^{{cite web | script-title=ru:ВСТРЕЧА С ПРОШЛЫМ | publisher = Novaya Gazeta | date = 1 January 2004 | url = http://2004.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2004/46n/n46n-s10.shtml | accessdate =21 November 2006 |language=ru}} 169. ^{{cite web | script-title=ru:Бывший резидент КГБ Олег Гордиевский не сомневается в причастности к отравлению Литвиненко российских спецслужб | publisher = svobodanews.ru | date = 20 November 2006 | url = http://www.svobodanews.ru/Transcript/2006/11/20/20061120204213113.html | accessdate =24 November 2006 |language=ru}} 170. ^Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West, Gardners Books (2000), {{ISBN|0-14-028487-7}} 171. ^{{cite web | last = Gurin | first = Charles | title = Roman Tsepov, RIP | work= Eurasia Daily Monitor | publisher = The Jamestown Foundation | date = 27 September 2004 | url =http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2368580 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155103/http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2368580 | archivedate =30 September 2007 | accessdate =8 December 2006 }} 172. ^{{cite web | script-title=ru:Для внутреннего употребления | publisher = Novaya Gazeta | date = 30 November 2006 | url = http://2006.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2006/91n/n91n-s00.shtml | accessdate =2 December 2006 |language=ru}} 173. ^{{cite news | title = The Laboratory 12 poison plot |work=The Times | date = 8 April 2007 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1625866.ece | accessdate =21 January 2008 | location=London}} 174. ^{{cite web | last = Latynina | first = Yulia | script-title=ru:Вам удастся заставить молчать одного человека | date = 28 November 2006 | url = http://www.ej.ru/dayTheme/entry/5474/ | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061209234331/http://www.ej.ru/dayTheme/entry/5474/ | archivedate = 9 December 2006 | accessdate =28 November 2006 |language=ru}} 175. ^{{cite news | title =60 Minutes Episode "Who Killed Alexander Litvinenko?" | publisher = CBS TV News | date =7 January 2007 | url =http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/05/60minutes/main2333207.shtml | accessdate =7 January 2007}} 176. ^{{cite news | last = Majendie | first = Paul | title = Spy writers say Litvinenko case stranger than fiction | agency = Reuters |work=The Scotsman | date = 11 December 2006 | url = http://news.scotsman.com/latest.cfm?id=1840772006 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061213151302/http://news.scotsman.com/latest.cfm?id=1840772006 | archivedate = 13 December 2006 | accessdate =13 December 2006 | location=Edinburgh}} 177. ^"Chuck Versus the Angel de la Muerte 178. ^{{cite news| title = Restaurant Polonium: In Sheffield klingeln die Kassen| work = Die Zeit | language = German | publisher = ZEIT online GmbH| date = 5 December 2006| url = http://www.zeit.de/news/artikel/2006/12/05/83406.xml| accessdate =6 June 2008}} 179. ^{{cite news| title = Business booming at Polonium restaurant in English city, manager says| work = International Herald Tribune | date = 1 December 2006| url = http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/01/europe/EU_GEN_Britain_Polonium_Restaurant.php| accessdate =6 June 2008}} 180. ^{{cite news|title=Why 'Polonium Restaurant' in UK is a hit |work=The Times of India |date=5 December 2006 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/712529.cms }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} External links
11 : 2006 murders in the United Kingdom|2006 in Russia|2006 in politics|Assassinations in the United Kingdom|Deaths by person|Element toxicology|Nuclear terrorism|Polonium|Russia–United Kingdom relations|Alexander Litvinenko|November 2006 events |
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