| 词条 | Politics of Virginia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
History{{see also|History of Virginia}}After the American Civil War (1861–1865), Virginia was in political turmoil. Forty-eight counties, which created the state of West Virginia in 1863, were about to be joined by two more. The Commonwealth of Virginia unsuccessfully appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. After U.S. Senator William Mahone and the Readjuster Party lost control of Virginia politics around 1883, white Democrats regained the state legislature. They proceeded to use statute and a new constitution in 1901, with provisions such as a poll tax, residency requirements, and literacy test to disfranchise most African Americans and many poor whites. Their disfranchisement lasted until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s. White Democrats created a one-party state, with a nearly unchallenged majority of state and most federal offices through the middle of the 20th century. The Byrd Organization headed by Harry F. Byrd Sr. largely controlled statewide politics. Through their leadership and activism in the Civil Rights Movement, African Americans gained national support for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which provided Federal oversight and enforcement to maintain all citizens' ability to vote. Under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, decisions affecting elections are subject to preclearance by the U.S. Department of Justice before they can take effect. Recent eventsIn 2007, the Virginia General Assembly proposed Civil Remedial Fees or "abusive driver fees" were fines that could exceed $1,000 for certain moving violations. The proposal had gained bi-partisan support as a way to generate revenue while not increasing taxes. An online petition to oppose the bill quickly gathered nearly 100,000 signatures.[2] These were repealed one year later in 2008 and fees were refunded.[3] CriticismDozens of delegates run unopposed each election cycle, which led 2001 Libertarian gubernatorial candidate and former national LP chair Bill Redpath to conclude that "Virginia has a democracy that is uncompetitive and boring."[4] Redpath proposed eliminating the 40 single-member districts and have all state senators run state-wide, with the top 40 candidates with the highest vote count getting elected. However, this proposal would give more power to the highly populated urban areas of the state, and thus has little chance of statewide support.[5] Federal elections
Over the 20th century, Virginia shifted from a largely rural, politically Southern and conservative state to a more urbanized, pluralistic, and politically moderate environment. Up until the 1970s, Virginia was a racially divided one-party state dominated by the Byrd Organization.[7] The legacy of slavery in the state effectively disfranchised African Americans until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s.[8] Enfranchisement and immigration of other groups, especially Hispanics, have placed growing importance on minority voting,[9] while voters that identify as "white working-class" declined by three percent between 2008 and 2012.[10] Regional differences play a large part in Virginia politics.[10] Rural southern and western areas moved to support the Republican Party in response to its "southern strategy", while urban and growing suburban areas, including much of Northern Virginia and recently, Richmond form the Democratic Party base.[11][12] Democratic support also persists in union-influenced Roanoke in Southwest Virginia, college towns such as Charlottesville and Blacksburg, and the southeastern Black Belt Region.[13] Political party strength in Virginia has likewise been in flux. In the 2007 state elections, Democrats regained control of the State Senate, and narrowed the Republican majority in the House of Delegates to eight seats.[14] Yet elections in 2009 resulted in the election of Republican Bob McDonnell as Governor by a seventeen-point margin, the election of a Republican Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General, as well as Republican gains of six seats in the House of Delegates.[15] In 2011, the Republican caucus took over two-thirds (68–32) of the seats in the House of Delegates, and a majority of the Senate based on the Lieutenant Governor Bill Bolling as the tie-breaker.[16] Following the 2013 elections, Democrat Terry McAuliffe was elected Governor by two percentage points,[17][18] and Democrat Ralph Northam was elected Lieutenant Governor by double digits.[19][20] Republicans, however, maintained their super-majority (68–32) in the House of Delegates.[19][21] State election seasons traditionally start with the annual Shad Planking event in Wakefield.[22]In federal elections since 2006, both parties have seen successes. Republican Senator George Allen lost close races in 2006, to Democratic newcomer Jim Webb, and again in 2012, to Webb's replacement, former Governor Tim Kaine.[23] In 2008, Democrats won both United States Senate seats; former Governor Mark Warner was elected to replace retiring Republican John Warner.[24] The state went Republican in 11 out of 12 presidential elections from 1948 to 2004, including 10 in a row from 1968 to 2004. However, Democrat Barack Obama carried Virginia's 13 electoral votes in both the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections.[25] In the 2010 elections, Republicans won three United States House of Representatives seats from the Democrats. Of the state's eleven seats in the House of Representatives, Democrats hold seven and Republicans hold four. Despite being won by both Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton, Virginia is considered a moderately red state in presidential elections.[26] Although Democrat Hillary Clinton carried the presidential election statewide in 2016, the Congressional Districts continue to return a majority of Republican Representatives. A Federal District Court redrew the malapportioned 3rd District as violating the Voting Rights Act for the 2016 election. That allowed Virginians to choose in an additional black Representative from the 4th District, and added one to the Democratic total.[27] Statewide referendaIn 2006, a statewide referendum on the Marshall-Newman Amendment added a provision to the Bill of Rights of the Virginia Constitution banning gay marriage; it passed with 57% of the vote. See also
References1. ^{{cite web| url= http://my.firedoglake.com/inoljt/2010/08/10/analyzing-virginia%E2%80%99s-2009-gubernatorial-election-part-1-2/|title=Analyzing Virginia’s 2009 Gubernatorial Election, Part 1| publisher=My Firedoglake| author="Inoljt"| date=2010-08-10| accessdate=2013-01-11}} 2. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/16/AR2007071601934.html Va. Driver Fees Now Election Weapon], Tim Craig, The Washington Post, July 17, 2007. 3. ^{{cite report |author= |author-link= |authors= |date= |title=Abusive Driver Fees Refunds|url=http://www.doa.virginia.gov/General_DOA/Driver_Refunds.cfm|publisher=Virginia Department of Accounts|access-date=2016-05-21|quote= }} 4. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/liveonline/01/metro/metro_redpath101201.htm Bill Redpath, Libertarian Candidate for Virginia Governor], The Washington Post, Oct. 12, 2001. 5. ^{{cite news|last1=Laris|first1=Michael|title=Libertarian Targets Political System|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/10/10/libertarian-targets-political-system/4db2df7c-8a63-421e-b9b7-e4dd737477f0/|accessdate=27 September 2017|work=Washington Post|date=10 October 2001}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=51&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison – New York|publisher=US Election Atlas|accessdate=January 10, 2010|author=Leip, David}} 7. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5001263885|title="Sheep without a Shepherd": The New Deal Faction in the Virginia Democratic Party|first=James R.|last=Sweeney|journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly|volume=29|year=1999|accessdate=March 31, 2008|doi=10.1111/1741-5705.00043|page=438|issue=2}} 8. ^{{cite journal|title=Promise and prejudice: Wise County, Virginia and the Great Migration, 1910–1920|first=Michael H.|last=Burchett|journal=The Journal of Negro History|volume=82|issue=3|date=Summer 1997|doi=10.2307/2717675|jstor=2717675|pages=312–327}} 9. ^{{cite news|url=http://hamptonroads.com/node/172411|title=Webb, Allen court Hispanic, white-collar voters in N. Va.|date=October 25, 2006|first=Dale|last=Eisman|work=The Virginian-Pilot|accessdate=March 29, 2008}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/12/AR2008021203200_pf.html|title=In Virginia, Results Signal A State in Play for November|first1=Bill|last1=Turque|first2=Ovetta|last2=Wiggins|first3=Nikita|last3=Stewart|work=The Washington Post|date=February 13, 2008|accessdate=September 29, 2008}} 11. ^{{cite journal|title=Activists and Partisan Realignment in the United States|first1=Gary|last1=Miller|first2=Norman|last2=Schofield|journal=The American Political Science Review|volume=97|issue=2|date=May 2003|pages=245–260|jstor=3118207|doi=10.1017/s0003055403000650}} 12. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/10/ST2007121001571.html|title=Tensions Could Hurt Majority in Va. Senate|first=Tim|last=Craig|work=The Washington Post|date=December 11, 2007|accessdate=December 23, 2007}} 13. ^{{cite journal|title=African American Legislative Politics in Virginia|first1=Michael L.|last1=Clemons|first2=Charles E.|last2=Jones|journal=Journal of Black Studies|volume=30|issue=6, Special Issue: African American State Legislative Politics|date=July 2000|pages=744–767|doi=10.1177/002193470003000603|jstor=2645922}} 14. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/07/AR2007110700553_2.html|title=Kaine Hails 'Balance' in New Political Landscape|first1=Tim|last1=Craig|first2=Anita|last2=Kumar|date=November 8, 2007|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=November 7, 2007}} 15. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/03/AR2009110300371.html|title=GOP reclaims Virginia|first1=Rosalind S.|last1=Helderman|first2=Anita|last2=Kumar|work=The Washington Post|date=November 4, 2009|accessdate=November 4, 2009}} 16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2011/11/10/gop_claims_va_senate_majority_after_dem_concedes/|title=GOP claims Va. Senate majority after Dem concedes|work=The Boston Globe|agency=Associated Press|first=Bob|last=Lewis|date=November 10, 2011|accessdate=November 15, 2011}} 17. ^{{cite news|url=https://apps.washingtonpost.com/elections/guide/2013/VA/general/|title=Decision 2013: Virginia general election results|work=The Washington Post|date=November 6, 2013|accessdate=November 6, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108002356/https://apps.washingtonpost.com/elections/guide/2013/VA/general/|archivedate=November 8, 2013|df=}} 18. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57611013/mcauliffe-wins-nailbiter-virginia-governors-race/|title=McAuliffe wins nailbiter Virginia governor's race|work=CBS News|date=November 6, 2013|accessdate=November 6, 2013}} 19. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://elections.huffingtonpost.com/2013/results?rr|title=2013 Elections: Governor, Mayor, Congress|work=Huffington Post|date=November 6, 2013|accessdate=November 6, 2013|first=Aaron|last=Bycoffe}} 20. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/05/virginia-election-results_n_4175432.html|title=Virginia Election Results: Terry McAuliffe Beats Ken Cuccinelli In Governor's Race|work=Huffington Post|date=November 6, 2013|accessdate=November 6, 2013|first=Paige|last=Lavender}} 21. ^{{cite news|url=http://electionresults.virginia.gov/resultsSW.aspx?type=SWR&map=CTY|title=2013: Virginia House of Delegates election results|work=Virginia Board of Elections|date=November 12, 2013|accessdate=November 12, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109041620/http://electionresults.virginia.gov/resultsSW.aspx?type=SWR&map=CTY|archivedate=November 9, 2013|df=}} 22. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30248457/|title=Shad Planking kicks Virginia race into gear|publisher=MSNBC|first=Mark|last=Murray|date=April 16, 2009|accessdate=May 7, 2009}} 23. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/in-the-aftermath-of-the-2012-election-battleground-virginias-political-winners-and-losers/2012/11/11/0ea30b1c-2c17-11e2-b631-2aad9d9c73ac_story.html|title=In the aftermath of the 2012 election, battleground Virginia's political winners and losers|first=Bob|last=Lewis|work=Washington Post|agency=Associated Press|date=November 11, 2012|accessdate=November 24, 2012}} 24. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/04/AR2008110404091.html|title=Warner Rolls Past His Fellow Former Governor|first=Anita|last=Kumar|work=The Washington Post|date=November 5, 2008|accessdate=November 5, 2008}} 25. ^1 {{cite news |url= http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-11-07/obama-repeats-victory-in-former-republican-stronghold-virginia |title= Obama Repeats Win in Former Republican Stronghold Virginia |work= Bloomberg Businessweek |first= Heidi |last= Przybyla |date= November 7, 2012 |accessdate= November 24, 2012}} 26. ^{{cite news|url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/44/2007/10/12/the_purpling_of_america.html|title=Painting America Purple|first=Dan|last=Balz|authorlink=Dan Balz|date=October 12, 2007|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=November 24, 2007}} 27. ^[https://ballotpedia.org/Virginia%27s_4th_Congressional_District_election,_2016 Virginia’s 4th Congressional District election, 2016] Ballotpedia: the Encyclopedia of American Politics. viewed November 13, 2016. External links
1 : Politics of Virginia |
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