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词条 Pollutant Standards Index
释义

  1. History

  2. Definition of the PSI used in Singapore

      Record values of the PSI  

  3. References

  4. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}{{About|the air pollution index used in Singapore|air pollution indices in general|Air quality index}}

The Pollutant Standards Index, or PSI, is a type of air quality index, which is a number used to indicate the level of pollutants in air.

Initially PSI was based on five air pollutants, but since 1 April 2014 it has also included fine particulate matter (PM2.5).

In addition to the PSI derived by averaging data collected for the past 24 hours, Singapore also publishes a 3h-PSI based on PM2.5 concentrations for the past 3 hours. 1-hr PM2.5 concentrations are also published every hour.[1]

Besides Singapore, some other countries also use air quality indices. However, the calculations used to derive their air quality indices may differ.[2] Different countries also use different names for their indices such as Air Quality Health Index, Air Pollution Index and Pollutant Standards Index.

History

The PSI is based on a scale devised by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to provide a way for broadcasts and newspapers to report air quality on a daily basis. The PSI has been used in a number of countries including the United States and Singapore.

Since 1999, the United States EPA has replaced the Pollution Standards Index (PSI) with the Air Quality Index (AQI) to incorporate new PM2.5 and ozone standards.

Prior to 1 April 2014, Singapore published the PSI and the 1-hour PM2.5 reading separately. This 3-hour PSI is unique to Singapore and was introduced in 1997 to provide additional air quality information which would better reflect a more current air quality situation.[3] In 2016, the 3-hour PSI was phased out on the grounds that the 1-hour PM2.5 reading was a better indicator of the current air quality. [4]

Definition of the PSI used in Singapore

The PSI considers six air pollutants - sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3).

The concentrations of these pollutants in the ambient air are measured via a network of air monitoring stations located around Singapore.[5]

A sub-index value is computed for each pollutant based on the pollutant's ambient air concentration. The highest sub-index value is then taken as the PSI value. In other words, the PSI is determined by the pollutant with the most significant concentration.[6]

During haze episodes, PM2.5 is the most significant pollutant.[7]

The PSI is reported as a number on a scale of 0 to 500. The index figures enable the public to determine whether the air pollution levels in a particular location are good, unhealthy, hazardous or worse. The following PSI table is grouped by index values and descriptors, explaining the effects of the levels, according to Singapore's National Environment Agency (NEA).[8]

PSI Descriptor General Health Effects
0–50 Good None
51–100 Moderate Few or none for the general population
101–200 Unhealthy Everyone may begin to experience health effects; members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects. To stay indoors.
201-300 Very unhealthy Health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected.
301+ Hazardous Health alert: everyone may experience more serious health effects

Note: This chart reflects the guidelines used in Singapore and may differ from other countries. Health advisories are based on the USEPA’s guidelines. Only the 24-hour PSI value and not the 3-hour PSI value is correlated to the health effects outlined in NEA’s advisories.

Record values of the PSI

{{main|Southeast Asian haze}}

Singapore has been regularly hit by smoke haze from forest fires in nearby Sumatra, Indonesia, brought over by wind. These forest fires have been attributed to the slash-and-burn method favoured by several large plantation owners to clear their land, as opposed to a more expensive and inconvenient mechanical approach using excavators and bulldozers.[9] In June 2013, severe haze hit Singapore, pushing the nation's PSI into Hazardous levels for the first time in its history.[10] Presently, the highest 3-hour PSI reading on record in Singapore is 471 on 20 October 2015 at 11 pm (GMT+8).[11]

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=PSI Reading|url=http://www.nea.gov.sg/psi/|publisher=National Environment Agency of Singapore|accessdate=15 April 2014}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) On Haze|url=http://www.haze.gov.sg/faq/faq.aspx|publisher=National Environment Agency of Singapore|accessdate=15 April 2014}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624081219/http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singaporeans-haze-over-psi-readings|title=Govt says it will move towards publishing 24-hour PSI, PM2.5 data on hourly basis|last=|first=|date=20 June 2013|website=|publisher=TODAY|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=20 June 2013}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/pollution-control/air-pollution/faqs|title=National Environment Agency - Air Pollution FAQ}}
5. ^{{cite news|title=Written Reply by Dr Vivian Balakrishnan, Minister for the Environment and Water Resources to Parliamentary Question on Air Quality Reporting|url=https://app.mewr.gov.sg/web/contents/contents.aspx?contid=1718|accessdate=15 April 2014|newspaper=Ministry of the Environment & Water Resources (Singapore)|date=10 September 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191750/https://app.mewr.gov.sg/web/contents/contents.aspx?contid=1718|archivedate=16 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Computation of the Pollutant Standards Index (PSI)|url=http://www.haze.gov.sg/docs/default-source/faq/computation-of-the-pollutant-standards-index-%28psi%29.pdf|publisher=National Environment Agency of Singapore|accessdate=15 April 2014}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) On Haze|url=http://www.haze.gov.sg/faq|publisher=National Environment Agency of Singapore|accessdate=13 March 2016}}
8. ^{{cite web| url = http://app2.nea.gov.sg/anti-pollution-radiation-protection/air-pollution-control/psi| title = PSI Readings| accessdate = 21 January 2014| publisher = National Environment Agency| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140201145028/http://app2.nea.gov.sg/anti-pollution-radiation-protection/air-pollution-control/psi| archivedate = 1 February 2014| df = dmy-all}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Singapore hit by highest haze levels in 16 years|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22935068|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=20 June 2013|date=18 June 2013}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Haze in Singapore hits new high, PSI at 321 at 10pm|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/the-haze-singapore/story/haze-singapore-hits-new-high-psi-321-10pm-20130619|publisher=The Straits Times|accessdate=20 June 2013|date=19 June 2013}}
11. ^{{citeweb|url=https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/pm25-levels-hit-471-haze-situation-worsens|title=PM2.5 levels hit 471 as haze situation worsens|publisher=Today|date=20 October 2015}}

External links

  • Past and present PSI readings in Singapore published by the NEA

5 : Air pollution|Environment of Singapore|Environment of Malaysia|United States Environmental Protection Agency|Air quality index
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