| 词条 | Polycotylidae |
| 释义 |
| fossil_range = Late Cretaceous, {{fossil range|99.5|66.5}} | image = Dolichorynchops Clean.png | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = Dolichorhynchops bonneri in the Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center | taxon = Polycotylidae | authority = Williston, 1909 | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups | subdivision = See text }} Polycotylidae is a family of plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous, a sister group to Leptocleididae. With their short necks and large elongated heads, they resemble the pliosaurs, but closer phylogenetic studies indicate that they share many common features with the Plesiosauridae and Elasmosauridae. They have been found worldwide, with specimens reported from New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Morocco, the US, Canada, Eastern Europe, and South America.[1] PhylogenyCladogram after Albright, Gillette and Titus (2007).[2]{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%|label1=Plesiosauria |1={{clade |1=Plesiosaurus |2=Tricleidus |label3= Polycotylidae |3={{clade |1=Edgarosaurus |2={{clade |1=Thililua |2={{clade |label1= Palmulainae |1={{clade |1=UMUT MV 19965 (from Japan) |2=Pahasapasaurus (=AMM 98.1.1)[3] |3=Palmulasaurus }} |label2= Polycotylinae |2={{clade |1=Dolichorhynchops |2={{clade |1=Trinacromerum |2={{clade |1=Eopolycotylus |2=Polycotylus }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} Cladogram after Ketchum and Benson (2010).[4] {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%|label1=Plesiosauroidea |1={{clade |1=Cryptoclididae |label2= Leptocleidia |2={{clade |1=Leptocleididae |label2= Polycotylidae |2={{clade |1=Plesiopleurodon |2={{clade |1=Edgarosaurus |2={{clade |1=QM F18041 |2={{clade |1=Eopolycotylus |2={{clade |1=Trinacromerum |2={{clade |1=Dolichorhynchops herschelensis |2={{clade |1=Dolichorhynchops |2=Manemergus |3=Palmulasaurus }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} Below is a cladogram of polycotylid relationships from Ketchum & Benson, 2011.[5] {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%|label1=Plesiosauroidea |1={{clade |1=Cryptoclididae |label2= Leptocleidia |2={{clade |1=Leptocleididae |label2= Polycotylidae |2={{clade |1=Edgarosaurus |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Plesiopleurodon |2=QM F18041 }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Eopolycotylus |2=Polycotylus |3=Thililua }} |2={{clade |1=Trinacromerum |2={{clade |1=Manemergus |2={{clade |1=Dolichorhynchops herschelensis |2={{clade |1=Dolichorhynchops |3=Palmulasaurus }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} External links
References1. ^{{Cite journal |author1=Druckenmiller, Patrick S. |author2=Russell, Anthony P. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2009 |title=Earliest North American Occurrence Of Polycotylidae (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) From The Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada |url=http://www.bio.ucalgary.ca/contact/faculty/pdf/russell/335.pdf |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=361–392 |doi=10.1666/09-014.1 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706211048/http://www.bio.ucalgary.ca/contact/faculty/pdf/russell/335.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-06 |df= }} {{Portal|paleontology}}{{Plesiosauria|Plesiosauroidea}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q135400}}{{plesiosaur-stub}}2. ^Albright III, L. B., Gillette, D. D., and Titus, A. L., 2007b. Plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) Tropic Shale of southern Utah, part 2: polycotylidae {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928220523/http://www.plesiosaur.com/database/pdf/albrightetal_2007_part2.pdf |date=2011-09-28 }}. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 27, n. 1, p. 41-58. 3. ^Schumacher, B. A., 2007, A new polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous; lower upper Cenomanian), Black Hills, South Dakota: In: The Geology and Paleontology of the Late Cretaceous marine deposits of the Dakotas, edited by Martin, J. E., and Parris, D. C., The Geological Society of America, Special Paper 427, p. 133-146. 4. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Ketchum, H. F. |author2=Benson, R. B. J. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2010 |title=Global interrelationships of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) and the pivotal role of taxon sampling in determining the outcome of phylogenetic analyses |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=85 |pages=361–392 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x |pmid=20002391}} 5. ^{{cite journal |authors=Hilary F. Ketchum and Roger B. J. Benson |year=2011 |title=A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early-Middle Jurassic pliosaurids |journal=Special Papers in Palaeontology |volume=86 |issue= |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01083.x }} 11 : Cretaceous plesiosaurs|Aptian first appearances|Aptian taxonomic families|Albian taxonomic families|Cenomanian taxonomic families|Turonian taxonomic families|Coniacian taxonomic families|Santonian taxonomic families|Campanian taxonomic families|Maastrichtian taxonomic families|Maastrichtian extinctions |
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