| 词条 | Poly drug use | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Poly drug use | synonyms = | image = | caption = | pronounce = | field = Psychiatry | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}Poly drug use refers to the use of two or more psychoactive drugs in combination to achieve a particular effect. In many cases one drug is used as a base or primary drug, with additional drugs to leaven or compensate for the side effects of the primary drug and make the experience more enjoyable with drug synergy effects, or to supplement for primary drug when supply is low.[1] CombinationsCaffeinated alcoholic drink{{main|Caffeinated alcoholic drink}}A caffeinated alcoholic drink is an alcoholic beverage that also contains caffeine, often in the form of an energy drink.[2] The combination can result in reduced subjective alcohol intoxication but does not reduce in lowered objective intoxication.[3] DMT and MAOIsAyahuasca{{main|Ayahuasca}}Ayahuasca is a beverage that combines monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT). DMT is normally inactive when taken by mouth due to being broken down by monoamine oxidase in the stomach, but the MAOIs block the enzyme action and allow the DMT to travel to the brain where it has a psychedelic drug effect.[4] Changa{{main|Changa (drug)}}Pharmahuasca{{main|Pharmahuasca}}Pharmahuasca is like ayahuasca except that the DMT and MAOIs are mixed as pharmaceutical chemicals instead of plant extracts.[5] Speedball{{main|Speedball (drug)}}A speedball is a mixture of cocaine and heroin. The combination is used because it is believed to provide more euphoria while having each drug balance out negative side effects from each other.[6] The combination has a higher risk of overdose than of either drug alone.[7] Common combinations{{Citations missing|section|date=August 2018}}
Dangerous interactionsRisksPoly drug use often carries with it more risk than use of a single drug, due to an increase in side effects, and drug synergy. The potentiating effect of one drug on another is sometimes considerable and here the licit drugs and medicines – such as alcohol, nicotine and antidepressants – have to be considered in conjunction with the controlled psychoactive substances. The risk level will depend on the dosage level of both substances. If the drugs taken are illegal, they have a chance of being mixed (also known as "cutting") with other substances which dealers are reported to do to increase the perceived quantity when selling to others to increase their returns. This is particularly common with powdered drugs such as cocaine or MDMA which can be mixed with relative ease by adding another white powdery substance to the drug. This cumulative effect can lead to further unintended harm to health dependent on what is being covertly added. Concerns also exist about a number of pharmacological pairings: alcohol and cocaine increase cardiovascular toxicity; alcohol or depressant drugs, when taken with opioids, lead to an increased risk of overdose; and opioids or cocaine taken with ecstasy or amphetamines also result in additional acute toxicity.[10] Benzodiazepines can cause death when mixed with other CNS depressants such as opioids, alcohol, or barbiturates.[10][11][12] SchedulingWithin the general concept of multiple drug use, several specific meanings of the term must be considered. At one extreme is planned use, where the effects of more than one drug are taken for a desired effect. Another type is when other drugs are used to counteract the negative side effects of a different drug (e.g. depressants are used to counteract anxiety and restlessness from taking stimulants). On the other hand, the use of several substances in an intensive and chaotic way, simultaneously or consecutively, in many cases each drug substituting for another according to availability.[13] ResearchThe phenomenon is the subject of established academic literature.[14] A study among treatment admissions found that it is more common for younger people to report polydrug drug use.[15] See also
References1. ^http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index34913EN.html 2. ^{{cite web |last1=Nordrum |first1=Amy |title=The Caffeine-Alcohol Effect |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/11/the-caffeine-alcohol-effect/382023/ |website=The Atlantic |accessdate=7 August 2018}} 3. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferré S, O'Brien MC |title=Alcohol and Caffeine: The Perfect Storm |journal=J Caffeine Res |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=153–162 |date=September 2011 |pmid=24761263 |pmc=3621334 |doi=10.1089/jcr.2011.0017 |url=}} 4. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Malcolm BJ, Lee KC |title=Ayahuasca: An ancient sacrament for treatment of contemporary psychiatric illness? |journal=Ment Health Clin |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=39–45 |date=January 2017 |pmid=29955496 |pmc=6007657 |doi=10.9740/mhc.2017.01.039 |url=}} 5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Ott |first1=Jonathan |title=Pharmahuasca: On Phenethylamines and Potentiation |journal=Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies |date=Summer 1996 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=32–34 |url=https://www.maps.org/news-letters/v06n3/06332ott.html |accessdate=7 August 2018}} 6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Negus SS, Gatch MB, Mello NK |title=Discriminative stimulus effects of a cocaine/heroin "speedball" combination in rhesus monkeys |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=285 |issue=3 |pages=1123–36 |date=June 1998 |pmid=9618415 |doi= |url=}} 7. ^{{cite web |title=Mixing Drugs |url=http://harmreduction.org/issues/overdose-prevention/overview/overdose-basics/opioid-od-risks-prevention/mixing-drugs/ |website=Harm Reduction Coalition |accessdate=7 August 2018}} 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Copping|first1=Jasper|title=Drug slang: what police must learn A to B|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/6519175/Drug-slang-what-police-must-learn-A-to-B.html|date=8 November 2009}} 9. ^https://erowid.org/psychoactives/slang/ 10. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Serfaty M, Masterton G |title=Fatal poisonings attributed to benzodiazepines in Britain during the 1980s |journal=Br J Psychiatry |volume=163 |issue= 3|pages=386–93 |year=1993 |pmid=8104653 |doi=10.1192/bjp.163.3.386}} 11. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Whyte IM, O'Connell DL |title=[Relative toxicity of benzodiazepines in overdose.] |journal=BMJ |volume=310 |issue= 6974|pages=219–21 |year=1995 |pmid=7866122 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.310.6974.219|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/310/6974/219 |pmc=2548618}} 12. ^{{cite journal |author=Drummer OH |author2=Ranson DL |date=December 1996 |title=Sudden death and benzodiazepines |journal=Am J Forensic Med Pathol |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=336–42 |pmid=8947361 |doi=10.1097/00000433-199612000-00012}} 13. ^1 EMCDDA Annual Report 2006 ch. 8 14. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Scholey AB, Parrott AC, Buchanan T, Heffernan TM, Ling J, Rodgers J |title=Increased intensity of Ecstasy and polydrug usage in the more experienced recreational Ecstasy/MDMA users: a WWW study |journal=Addict Behav |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=743–52 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15135556 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.022 }} 15. ^"Polydrug Use Among Treatment Admissions: 1998." OAS Home: Alcohol, Tobacco & Drug Abuse and Mental Health Data from SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies. Web. 29 Sept. 2011. External links{{Medical resources| DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|19||f|10}} | ICD9 = | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = }}{{drug use}}{{Psychoactive substance use}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Poly Drug Use}} 2 : Drug culture|Psychiatric diagnosis |
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