| 词条 | Polystichum acrostichoides | |
| 释义 |
| image = Chistmas fern.jpg | genus = Polystichum | species = acrostichoides | authority = (Michx.) Schott | synonyms = Nephrodium acrostichoides Michx. | synonyms_ref = [1] | range_map = Polystichum_acrostichoides_map.GIF | range_map_caption = Native range of Christmas fern in the United States }} Polystichum acrostichoides, commonly denominated Christmas fern, is a perennial, evergreen fern native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia, Canada west to Minnesota and south to Florida and eastern Texas.[2] It is one of the commonest ferns in eastern North America, being found in moist and shady habitats in woodlands, rocky slopes, and stream banks. The common name derives from the evergreen fronds which are often still green at Christmas in December. DescriptionChristmas fern grows in a circular form with all the leaves arising from a single point on the ground. It can form colonies but frequently grows singly or in twos or threes.[3] In the winter the fertile leaves (leaves bearing spores) die and the sterile leaves will remain through the winter but are often laid down by snow or frost. The frond is supported by a stipe, or stem, which is typically 1/4 or 1/3 the length of the total leaf. The stipe length is given as a ratio because the leaf size can vary quite considerably and it's more accurate to not give an exact number but rather to estimate the length based on each leaf's size. The stipe is black to very dark brown at the base and fades to green as it continues toward the tip.[3] It is also covered in coarse light brown to tan scales which are typically about 5 mm long and translucent, the stipe itself is grooved on the upward side. As the stem continues toward the tip of the leaf the size and density of the scales decreases. The young fiddleheads, also known as crosiers, are a scaly grey and prominent in early spring.[3] The fronds grow from 30–80 cm long and 5–12 cm broad, divided into 20-35 pairs of leaflets or pinnae. Each pinna is typically 4 cm long and has a finely serrulate or spiny edge and is oblong to falcate in shape. The fine teeth or spines on edge of the leaf point toward the tip of the leaflet. Each pinna has a triangular lobe at its base which points toward the distal end (tip) of the leaf; this protrusion is approximately 5 mm wide and equally tall and its tip bears a small spine.[4] The lowest two leaflets are typically downward pointing and opposite to each other. The leaves are overall a dark green and rather leathery and thick in texture, their undersides may be covered in very sparse hairs; their shape can be described as linear to lanceolate shaped. The light brown spores are produced on pinnae which are conspicuously smaller than the pinnae below them; these pinnae are located at the tip of the frond.[5]—these pinnae can be described as acrostichoid as the sporangia covers almost the entirety of the underside of the leaf surface.[6] Acrostichoid is also the term from which P. acrostichoides derives its species name. Christmas fern resembles the Pacific Coast sword fern, Polystichum munitum, but does not make the huge clumps which that fern forms, and it differs from it and almost all other ferns in that fertile (spore bearing) leaflets of the Christmas fern are noticeably smaller than the sterile leaflets and located on the same leaf. The fertile leaflets are identified by being covered by a typically brown covered mass and are located at the tip of the leaf. Like other ferns of the genus Polystichum, it is allied to the wood ferns, genus Dryopteris, to which it is often found growing in close proximity. P. acrostichoides is known to hybridize with Polystichum braunii in areas where their ranges overlap.[4]CultivationChristmas fern is popular in cultivation as an ornamental plant for gardens, including natural gardens, because it is easy to cultivate in many environments and soils. Because it is evergreen, it is also often cultivated in winter gardens.[7]The fern can conserve soil and allay erosion of steep slopes. The fronds are semi-erect until the first hard frost, after which they recline to be prostrate and effectively hold in place abscised foliage of the duff layer of the sylvan floor, which enables the gradual decomposition of the abscised foliage into humus, which in turn further conserves soil. References1. ^{{cite web|title=Tropicos {{!}} Name - Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/26602423?tab=synonyms|website=www.tropicos.org|accessdate=26 June 2016}} 2. ^USDA, accessed 2011. 3. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Foster|first1=Boughten Cobb ; illustrations by Laura Louise|title=A field guide to ferns : and their related families : Northeastern and Central North America : with a section on species also found in the British Isles and Western Europe|date=1987|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston|isbn=0-395-19431-8|edition=[New ed., pbk. ed.].}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Rhoads|first1=Ann|last2=Block|first2=Timothy|title=The Plants of Pennsylvania|publisher=University of Pennsylvania press|location=Philadelphia Pa|isbn=978-0-8122-4003-0|edition=2}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Taxon Page|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200004550|website=www.efloras.org|accessdate=26 June 2016}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Coulter|first1=John|title=The Botanical Gazette (volume LXIV)|date=1917|page=347|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va7zAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=26 June 2016}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a710|title = Polystichum acrostichoides - Plant Finder|website = www.missouribotanicalgarden.org|access-date = 2016-03-26}}
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4 : Polystichum|Garden plants of North America|Pteridophyta of the Americas|Ferns of the United States |
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