“East Asian age reckoning”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

East Asian age reckoning originated in China and continues in limited use there and in Japan, but is still common in Korea. People are born at the age of one, i.e. the first year of lifetime using ordinal number (instead of "zero" using cardinal number), and on Chinese New Year or New Year's Day one year is added to their age.^[1]^[2] Since age is incremented at the beginning of the lunar or solar year, rather than on the anniversary of a birthday, people may be one or two years older in Asian reckoning than in the international age system.

Variations in date for change of age

Under the traditional reckoning in China, age changes on the lichun. In Japan and South Korea, New Year's Day is used as the date of change of age for the traditional system.

China

In either the traditional or modern age system the word sui ({{zh| s=岁 | t=歲 | p=suì | first=t}}), meaning "years of age", is used for age counting. When a person's age is given in a publication, it is often specified whether it is his or her:

Of the three, only 周歲/周岁 (Chinese), zhōusuì (pinyin) = "round age" may be used as a count word.

When a child has survived one month of life (29 days if lunar month reckoning) a mun yuet ({{zh| t=滿月 | p=mǎnyuè | links=no | first=t}}) celebration can be observed, in which duck or chicken eggs dyed red are distributed to guests to signify fertility.

Japan

The traditional Japanese system of age reckoning, or kazoedoshi ({{lang|ja|数え年}}, lit. "counted years"), which incremented one's age on New Year's Day, was rendered obsolete by law in 1902 when Japan officially adopted the modern age system,^[4]^[5]^[6] known in Japanese as man nenrei ({{lang|ja|満年齢}}). However, the traditional system was still commonly used, so in 1950 another law was established to encourage people to use the modern age system.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Today the traditional system is used only by the elderly and in rural areas. Elsewhere its use is limited to traditional ceremonies, divinations, and obituaries.{{Or|date=November 2009}}

Japanese uses the word sai ({{lang|ja|歳}} or {{lang|ja|才}}) as a counter word for both the traditional and modern age system.

Korea

The 100th-day anniversary of a baby is called baegil ({{linktext|백|일}}, {{linktext|百|日}}) which literally means "a hundred days" in Korean, and is given a special celebration, marking the survival of what was once a period of high infant mortality. The first anniversary of birth named dol (돌) is likewise celebrated, and given even greater significance. South Koreans celebrate their birthdays,^[12] even though every South Korean gains one 'sal' on New Year's Day.^[13] Because the first year comes at birth and the second on the first day of the New Year, children born, for example, on December 29 will reach two years of age on the New Year's Day, when they are only days old. Hence, everyone born on the same calendar year effectively has the same age and can easily be calculated by the formula: Age = (Current Year − Birth Year) + 1

In modern South Korea the traditional system is used alongside the international age system which is referred to as "man-nai" (만나이) in which "man" (만) means "full"^[14] or "actual", and "nai" (나이) meaning "age".^[13]^[15] For example, man yeol sal means "full ten years", or "ten years old" in English. The Korean word dol means "years elapsed", identical to the English "years old", but is only used to refer to the first few birthdays. Cheotdol or simply dol refers to the first Western-equivalent birthday, dudol refers to the second, and so on.^[16]^[17]

The Korean Birthday Celebrations by the lunar calendar is called eumnyeok saeng-il (음력 생일, 陰曆生日) and yangnyeok saeng-il (양력 생일, 陽曆生日) is the birthday by Gregorian calendar.^[18]

For official government uses, documents, and legal procedures, the international system is used. Regulations regarding age limits on beginning school, as well as the age of consent, are all based on this system (man-nai).^[15]^[19] The age limit for tobacco, alcohol use are after January 1 of the year one's age turns to 19.^[20]

Eastern Mongolia

In Eastern Mongolia, age is traditionally determined based on the number of full moons since conception for girls, and the number of new moons since birth for boys.

See also

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.culturalink.gov.cn/chineseway/2009-04/30/content_327732.htm | title=Why Chinese People Have a Nominal Age | publisher=ChinaCulture.org | author=Shi Liwei | accessdate=11 November 2009 | date=30 April 2009 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005081651/http://www.culturalink.gov.cn/chineseway/2009-04/30/content_327732.htm | archivedate=5 October 2009 | df= }}
2. ^{{cite news | url = http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/10/25/nation/19269368 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110604024043/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F10%2F25%2Fnation%2F19269368 | dead-url = yes | archive-date = June 4, 2011 | work = The Star | title = 98, 90 or 93? Expert sheds light on tycoon’s age | date = October 25, 2007 | accessdate = 2009-02-26 | df = }}
3. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.china.com.cn/book/txt/2009-03/31/content_17526872.htm | title=中国人为何还有一个虚岁 | accessdate=24 January 2012}}
4. ^レファレンス事例詳細: 相-090002, Collaborative Reference Database. (Accessed 2009-11-11.) "なお、年齢が数えか満年齢かについては、現行法規である「年齢計算ニ関スル法律」が明治35年12月2日法律第50号として存在するが、その前に「明治六年第三十六号布告」で満年齢について規定された。 (translation: Regarding whether one counts age by ``kazoedoshi`` or the modern age system (満年齢), there exists the current "Legal age calculation" law in the form of Meiji 35 (1902), December 2, Act no. 50, but prior to that the use of the modern age system was set forth in the "Meiji 13 Proclamation No. 6".)"
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/M35/M35HO050.html|title=年齢計算ニ関スル法律 Act on Calculation of Ages |publisher=Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Japan |year=1902| language=Japanese}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Act on Calculation of Ages|publisher= Ministry of Justice, Japan|url=http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=199&vm=04&re=01|year=1902}}
7. ^Hirofumi Hirano, July Heisei 40, 年齢の計算に関する質問主意書 (Memorandum on questions about the calculation of age) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628210713/http://www.shugiin.go.jp/itdb_shitsumon.nsf/html/shitsumon/a154154.htm |date=2009-06-28 }}, Japan House of Representatives. (Retrieved 2009-11-11) "わが国では、「年齢のとなえ方に関する法律」に基づき、昭和二十五年以降数え年による年齢計算を止め、満年齢によって年齢を計算している。 (translation: In Japan, the age laws which were originally based on the calculation by East Asian age reckoning (数え年) were replaced in Showa 25 with the modern age system (満年齢) of age calculation.)"
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S24/S24HO096.html|title=年齢のとなえ方に関する法律Act on Designation of Ages|last=|first=|date=|year=1950|website=|publisher=Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Japan|language=Japanese|access-date=}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Act on Counting of Ages|publisher= Ministry of Justice, Japan|url=http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=393&vm=04&re=01|year=1949}}
10. ^Song, Jae Jung. (2005), pp. 81–82, (quote) "Koreans prefer native Korean to Sino-Korean numerals when telling their own or other people's age,...Note that the native age classifier sal must be used with native Korean numerals and the Sino-Korean age classifier sey with Sino-Korean numerals,.."
11. ^{{cite news | url = http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/16-07-2013/125145-korea_children-0/ | work = Pravda | title = In Korea, all children are older than their European peers | date = July 16, 2013 | accessdate = 2014-04-08 }}
12. ^DuBois (2004), pp. 72–73
13. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.rti.org/pubs/aapor07_park_pres.pdf |title=Cognitive Interviewing with Asian Populations: Findings from Chinese and Korean Interviews |publisher=RTI International |author=Park, Hyunjoo|author2=Pan, Yuling|date=2007-05-19|accessdate=2009-11-11|location=Anaheim, CA |quote=Koreans are considered one year old at birth and added another year at New Year’s....some Koreans may use American age counting convention while others still follow Korean convention. To eliminate this confusion, Korean asked “만나이(Man-nai)’: the same as the U.S. age counting convention.}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://kordic.nate.com/dicsearch/view.html?i=12628300 |script-title=ko:만7(滿) |publisher=Nate Korean Dictionary |language=Korean |accessdate=2009-11-11 |quote=시기나 햇수를 꽉 차게 헤아림을 이르는 말.(trans. The word refers to calculating full years or periods. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DwaAIxke?url=http://kordic.nate.com/dicsearch/view.html?i=12628300 |archivedate=2013-01-25 |df= }}
15. ^¹Hilts and Kim, (2002), p. 228 (quote) "Koreans have a peculiar way of calculating age. When you're born, you're already one year old, and then you get another year older when New Year's Day rolls around. The result is that your hangungnai (한국나이), 'Korean age', is usually one to two years older than your man-nai (만 나이), 'actual age'. Under-age kids sometimes try to take some advantage of this, but eligibility for drinking, obtaining license etc is determined by your actual age."
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://engdic.nate.com/dicsearch/view.html?i=162364 |script-title=ko:돌 |trans-title=Dol |publisher=Nate Korean–English Dictionary |accessdate=2009-11-11 |language=Korean |quote=) |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714155634/http://engdic.nate.com/dicsearch/view.html?i=162364 |archivedate=2011-07-14 |df= }}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://kordic.nate.com/dicsearch/view.html?i=10059200 |script-title=ko:돌1 |trans-title=Dol |publisher=Nate Korean Dictionary |accessdate=2009-11-11 |language=Korean |quote=Ⅰ. (명사) 어린아이가 태어난 날로부터 한 해가 되는 날. (Ⅱ ) 1. 생일이 돌아온 횟수를 세는 단위. 주로 두세 살의 어린아이에게 쓴다. 2. 특정한 날이 해마다 돌아올 때, 그 횟수를 세는 단위. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714155826/http://kordic.nate.com/dicsearch/view.html?i=10059200 |archivedate=2011-07-14 |df= }}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://sports.chosun.com/news/news.htm?name=/news/sports/200608/20060809/68i70061.htm |title='8월 18일은 이승엽 DAY!'...요미우리, 축하 이벤트 마련 |trans-title='The day on August 18 is Lee Seung-Yeop's Day!'..Yomiuri, preparing a congratulatory event |publisher=Sports Chosun |author=Kim Tae-yeop (김태엽) |date=2006-08-08 |accessdate=2009-11-11 |language=Korean |quote=최근 이승엽의 아버지 이춘광씨는 보통 양력생일을 치르는 요즘의 추세와 달리 이승엽의 음력 생일(1976년 8월18일)을 치르는 사연을 밝혀 화제가 됐다 (trans. It was a recent topic that Lee Chun-gwang, the father of Lee Seung-Yeop, revealed the reason why Lee Seung-Yeop takes his lunar birthday on August 18, 1976 instead of the solar birthday as opposed to the current trend.)}}
19. ^{{cite news |url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=156243&v=44 |title=성년 成年, full age |publisher=Nate / Britannica |quote=한국의 경우 만 20세로 성년이 되며(민법 제4조)...연령의 계산은 민법 제155조 이하의 규정에 의하나, 출생일을 산입한다(동법 제158조). 1977년의 민법 개정으로 혼인에 의한 성년의제(成年擬制)의 제도를 도입했다..대통령선거법·국회의원선거법·국민투표법·지방자치법·지방의회의원선거법·미성년자보호법 등에서는 이 원칙이 적용되지 않는다. |accessdate=2009-11-11 |language=Korean |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610073021/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=156243&v=44 |archivedate=2011-06-10 |df= }}
20. ^{{cite web|title=청소년보호법|url=http://www.law.go.kr/법령/청소년보호법|website=국가법령정보센터|publisher=대한민국 법제처|accessdate=30 July 2016|language=ko|date=7 July 2016|quote="청소년" 이란 만 19세 미만인 사람을 말한다. 다만, 만 19세가 되는 해의 1월 1일을 맞이한 사람은 제외한다.|trans-title=Adolescent Protection Law}}