1. Name

2. History
     Pre-Portuguese Era: the Centre of Muslim trade    Battles with the Portuguese: the Kunhali Marakkars    Almeida's attack    Menezes' attack    Treaty of Ponnani    Portuguese Fort    Dutch Factory    Under the Sultans of Mysore    Response to British Colonial Rule  

3. The Makhdums of Ponnani
    Sheikh Zain-ud-Din Makhdum I  Sheikh Zain-ud-Din Makhdum II 

4. Demographics

5. Visitor attractions

6. Geography
    Transportation 

7. Politics and governance

8. References

Ponnani is a Municipality in Ponnani Taluk, Malappuram District, in the state of Kerala. It serves as the administrative center of the Taluk and Block Panchayat of the same name. It is situated at the estuary of Bharatappuzha (River Ponnani), on its southern bank, and is bounded by the Arabian Sea on the west and a series of brackish lagoons in the south. National Highway 66, from to Panvel to Kanyakumari, passes through Ponnani Municipality.

River Tirur joins River Ponnani at its mouth at Patinjarekkara Beach from the north bank, opposite to Ponnani. The Colonial era Cannoly Canal ("the Ponnani Canal") bisects Ponnani town.^[3]

In the Middle Ages, under the ambitious Hindu chiefs of Kozhikode (the Samutiris/Zamorins), Ponnani developed as one of the most important the centers of Muslim trade - both overseas and domestic - on the Arabian Sea. The port also served as the military headquarters of the Kozhikode rulers. With arrival of the Portuguese explorers in late - 15th century, the city witnessed several battles between the Admirals of Kozhikode and the Portuguese for the monopoly in the Spice Trade. Whenever a formal war was broke out between the Portuguese and the Kozhikode rulers, the Portuguese attacked and plundered, as the opportunity offered, the port of Ponnani. The relentless battles lead to the eventual decline of the settlement, with exodus of Middle Eastern merchants, and the rulers who protected it. Presently, Ponnani is one of the major fishing centers in Kerala.^[4][5][6][7]

The city of Ponnani also provided ideological support for the battles against the Estado da Índia. It was the home of the revered Makhdum family. Prominent members of this Yemeni family of Islamic theologians included Zain-ud-Din Makhdum I (1467 - 1521) and his grandson Zain-ud-Din Makhdum II (1530 - 1581). Makhdum II is known for his formidable historical chronicle Tuhfat al-Mujahidin ("Glory to the Victory of Mujahidun", c. 1583), first printed and published in Lisbon. A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of Al-Azhar University, Cairo.^[4][5][6][7]

The Ponnani Jum'ah Masjid, also known as Valiya Jum'ah Palli/Makhdum Mosque, was built in the 16th century AD. Ponnani, once known as the "Little Mecca of Malabar" and the "Jami'at al-Azhar of Malabar", was a prominent center of Islamic learning. It is known that students from as far as Sumatra, Java and Sri Lanka traveled to Ponnani for their spiritual education.^[4][8][3] The town was described in many sources as "the Land of 23½ Mosques". It currently has around 50 mosques, spread around the town.^[9]

During the months of February and March, large number of migratory birds flock at Ponnani (both Ponnani and Patinjarekkara Beaches). Arabi-Malayalam, a script used to write Malayalam, was originated at Ponnani. The script was also known as "the Ponnani Script".^[8]

Name

Ponnani is described different authors, all the way from Europe to Arabia to China, in different names. Some of the names are given below.

• Ponani/Paniyani: British/East India Company
• Ponam: the Chinese Sailors^[10]
• Funan: the Arab merchants^[10]
• Pananee/Pananie/Pananx: the Portuguese and Spanish Writers and Sailors^[11]
• Panane/Panany: the Dutch East India Company^[12]
• Pagnany/Pagniany: the French Sailors^[13]

History

Pre-historical and Early Historical (2nd century BC – 3rd century AD) nature of this settlement is shrouded in mystery. Its location at estuary of the Bharatappuzha amidst the fertile plains suitable for rice cultivation might have attracted early settlers. It is known that the river mouth - situated opposite to the plains of Coimbatore across the Ghat mountains - was accessed by the rulers of central Tamil Nadu through the Palghat Gap. It is generally assumed that the archaic Tamil chiefs came into contact with Greco-Roman navigators at the mouth of the Bharatappuzha.^[14]

Even in the later times, Ponnani served as the major rice supplier to the Portuguese outposts in India. Throughout the Colonial rule, the Ponnani rice cargoes were shipped across the West Coast. Tobacco was the other major commodity exported from Ponnani to Goa.^[15]

Pre-Portuguese Era: the Centre of Muslim trade

Ponnani used to be under the control of the Brahmins of "Tirumanasseri Natu", with protection from the Vellattiri (Valluvanatu/Angatippuram) chief, in medieval times. Later the Tirumanasseri Namputiri handed over the port Ponnani to the Samutiri of Kozhikode. An arrangement was reached between the Brahmin and the Samutiri, as a result of which, the former was obliged to protect the interests of the latter against the neighboring chiefs of Valluvanatu (South Malabar) and Perumpatappu (Cochin).^[10]

As Kozhikode's political authority extended to South Malabar and Cochin, the Samutiri came to reside more and more at Ponnani (Trikkavil Palace, south of the present-day temple). The port town gradually became the second home of the Kozhikotu chiefs. By the 15th century, we know that Ponnani served as the military capital of the Samutiris of Kozhikode. The city also hosted the largest arsenal of the Kozhikotu rulers. The port at Ponnani was defended by fortifications on either bank of the river.^[10]

• At the time of the arrival of Vasco da Gama and his Portuguese fleet at Kozhikode, the Samutiri of Kozhikode was residing at Ponnani.^[16]
• When the Samutiri Kovilakam at Kozhikode was besieged by the Mysore Sultan Haidar 'Ali (18th century AD), the Samutiri sent his family members to safe heavens at Ponnani.^[17]
• It is believed that Malik ibn Dinar, the first Islamic missionary to Kerala, visited Ponnani and established a mosque.^[8]

Battles with the Portuguese: the Kunhali Marakkars

In the 16th century, Ponnani witnessed several battles between Kozhikode naval chiefs, known as the Kunhali Marakkars, and the Portuguese colonizers.^[8] Whenever a formal war was broke out between the Portuguese and the Kozhikode rulers, the Portuguese attacked and plundered, as the opportunity offered, the port of Ponnani.^[10]

As per some historians, the ancestral home of the Kunhali Marakkar family was at Ponnani. In course of time they spread to Tanur and other settlements of the west coast. It seems that the Kunhalis shifted their base to Putupattanam when Fransico de Almedia attacked Ponnani (1507).^[18][5] There is another view about the origin of Kunhali Marakkars. As per this tradition, they were descended from a Muslim merchant by name Muhammmad who traded in Cochin. Muhammad and his brother were forced to leave Cochin and settle at Ponnani in the wake of the Portuguese occupation of the place which had resulted in the destruction of his ships and warehouses. The Marakkars later moved his base to Kozhikode and when Ponnani was sacked by de Menezes (1525), he offered help to the Samutiri in his fight against the Portuguese.^[5] Kutti Pokkar, a Captain in the fleet of Pattu Marakkar (Kunhali Marakkar the Third), was a native of Ponnani.^[5]

Ponnani is usually considered as the military capital of the Samutiris of Kozhikode. For an assault on Cochin in 1500 AD, the Samutiri seems to have assembled a huge army of 50,000 Nairs at Ponnani.^[19] It is widely written that the Muslims were ready to defend their bastion of Ponnani with their life ("to die as martyrs").^[20]

It is known that large number of men and vessels from Ponnani took part in a battle against the Portuguese off the coast of Kannur on 16 March 1506. In addition to the native Muslims, the Kozhikode Fleet of around two hundred large vessels carried large number of "red-coated" Turkish soldiers. Lorenzo Almeida was able to defeat this combined forces, and near 3,000 Muslims were killed the battle. The Portuguese loss was very trifling.^[20]

Almeida's attack

Towards the end of year 1507, Viceroy Fransico de Almeida was informed that a column of 13 Muslim ships had taken cargo - mainly spices - from Ponnani and were about to leave for the Red Sea. The Viceroy immediately decided corner the fleet. The decision was perhaps made with a view to retrieve the Portuguese prestige lost on account of the some incidents at Angediva and Dabul. Almeida himself commandeered the fleet of 12 vessels consisting of four naus, six caravels and two gales. The fleet had about 6,000 European soldiers, led by a collection of noblemen such as Pero Barreti, Diogo Pires, Lourenco de Almeida, and Nuno da Cunha, son of Tristao da Cunha and a handful of Cochin Nairs.^[21]

Ponnani at the time was defended by a strong battery of artillery (forty guns), and a number of well-armed ships under Kutti Ali. Kutti Ali of Ponnani was a powerful captain of the Samutiri Fleet having with him more than 7,000 armed men. The harbor was protected by fortifications on either side of the entrances. The Portuguese writers later recorded that "the men were rather frightened by the prayers and shouts of the enemy" as approached the port. Tristao da Cunha defeated the Muslim forces (24 November 1507) in the subsequent engagement. Eighteen Portuguese were killed in the assault. Lorenzo was wounded by the Muslims and the fight was stubborn.^[18] Muslim ships were burnt, and the Portuguese seized their arms and ammunitions. The commodities that were made ready for despatch to Red Sea were also taken over by the Portuguese. The Ponnani town was looted, burnt and destroyed.^[20][21][18]

The defenses of the Ponnani Port were repaired and strengthened after this event.^[10][19] It seems that Kunhali Marakkar I, assisted by Kutti Ali and Pacchi Marakkar, subsequently constructed a naval base at Ponnani. Kutti Ali sent harassing raids from Ponnani to Cochin and reinforcement fleets to Kozhikode.^[19]

Menezes' attack

Portuguese Viceroy Henry Menezes (Henrique de Manases) appeared off the coast of Ponnani on 25 February 1525 with a fleet of 50 ships, including 19 grabs supplied by the chief of Purakkad. After an unsuccessful mission in Cochin, the Samutiri army was camping at Ponnani. Menezes sent initially some soldiers to the shore for water and provisions. But they were set upon and driven back.^[10][19]

Next morning (26 February), the Portuguese landed in forces, and a fierce engagement took place the newly developed base at Ponnani. Thirty-eight ships belonging to Chinna Kutti Ali were burnt; a large number of Mappilas were killed, the coconut trees on either bank of the River Ponnani were cut by the Cochin Nairs, and houses, shops and mosques were all destroyed. The Ponnani town was partially burnt in the assault.^[10][19] The cutting of the coconut trees in a region was considered as a method of punishment to the inhabitants. In 1528, a strong Portuguese fleet cornered Kutti Ali off the coast of Bankur and he was taken prisoner.

Treaty of Ponnani

The Portuguese Viceroy Garcia de Noronha signed a peace treaty with the Samutiri of Kozhikode on board the ship St. Mattheus at Ponnani on 1 January 1540. As per the agreement, called the Treaty of Ponnani, the Samutiri granted the Portuguese the virtual monopoly, of trade in pepper and ginger at Kozhikode, accepted the Portuguese Passes (the infamous "cartazes") for the navigation of Arab vessels and gave assurances of non-intervention in the wars of the Portuguese with other native powers [such as Cochin].^[21][5]

• The Portuguese were to buy all the Kozhikode pepper at the Cochin rate and ginger at 92 fanams per bahar, and allow the Samutiri of Kozhikode to send 3.5 bahar of pepper to Portugal on his own account for every 100 bahars bought by the Portuguese.^[18]
• The Portuguese agreed to sell part of their merchandise at Kozhikode, so that the Samutiri of Kozhikode might have his customary dues on imports, and to provide the Samutiri of Kozhikode with quicksilver, vermilion and coal.^[22]
• The Treaty bound the Portuguese also to neutrality even if the Samutiri of Kozhikode attacked their allies. In return the Samutiri of Kozhikode agreed to accept the Portuguese Passports for the Moorish vessels.^[10]

In 1552, the Samutiri of Kozhikode received assistance in heavy guns landed at Ponnani, brought by certain Yoosuf, a Turk, who had sailed against the monsoon winds. In 1566 and again in 1568, Kutti Pokkar of Ponnani and his men captured two Portuguese ships. Around a thousand soldiers from one of these ships were killed either by the sword or drowning. Kutti Pokkar was later in killed off the coast of Mangalore, while returning from a successful raid on the Portuguese fort there.^[20]

A Portuguese fleet of 40 vessels under the command of Diogo de Menezes is known to have pillaged Ponnani, sometime before 1570 AD.^[19][23] It is also known that Gil Eanes Mascarenhas opened fire from his ships to Ponnani port and killed large number of natives in 1582. Mascarenhas was later captured, and executed by the forces of Kunhali Marakkar.^[24]

Muslims from Ponnani is known to have actively participated in the Siege of Fort Chaliyam in 1571.^[20] The Samutiri of Kozhikode sent against the Fort Chaliyam certain of his ministers in command over the Muslims of Ponnani, who were assisted by bodies of people from Chaliyam.^[10]

Portuguese Fort

The Portuguese had earlier (around 1528, under da Cunha) tried to construct a fort on the north bank of the Vaikkal river mouth at Ponnani. This piece of land belonged to the chief of Bettem. The ships coming from Cochin with materials for construction - like stones and mortars - reached near Vaikkal. But all the vessels except one "mast vessel" were destroyed by being dashed to the shore in a storm. Some Portuguese men were drowned and some were captured. The cannons recovered came under the possession of the Samutiri of Kozhikode.^[19]

As per an agreement (1584) between the Samutiri and the Portuguese, the Kozhikode allowed the Portuguese to have a factory, instead of a fort, at Ponnani, obtaining in return the right of navigation for the Muslims to the ports of Gujarat, Persia and Arabia.^[10] Dom Jeronimo Mascaranhas, who was instrumental in signing the contract with the ruler of Kozhikode, was appointed the Captain of the Factory at Ponnani.^[21] The decision was deeply resented by the Kunhali Marakkar III.^[19]

Sooner rather than later, Duarte de Menezes entrusted Ruy Goncalves de Carmara command of an expedition determined to erect a fort proper at Ponnani. Goncalves proceeded to Ponnani, from where he dispatched a message to the Samutiri of Kozhikode, informing him of the object of his visit, and requesting that he would meet him with the view of selecting a suitable site. The Kozhikode chief kept Goncalves waiting for some time on the plea that his Brahmins were unable to fix upon an auspicious date whereupon Goncalves sent the Brahmins some presents, and they then speedily named a favorable hour for the purpose.^[25] The construction of a Portuguese fort at Ponnani began in 1585.^[11] Gonsalves, being in a hurry to depart, erected only a fort of wood. Rui Gomes de Gram, the first Captain of the Fort, is known to have strengthened the defenses on the Ponnani. He pulled down the wooded structures and erected one of stone of considerable strength.^[25][21] Gasper Fagundes, who was in the Ponnani Fort in 1586, was asked by the Portuguese Governor to offer his services to the Samutiri of the Kozhikode against the Kunhali Marakkar.^[21] By an agreement (1597) between the Samutiri of Kozhikode and the Portuguese, the former agreed to give site to the latter to erect a church at Ponnani.^[26]

Dutch Factory

By a treaty signed between the Dutch Admiral Steven Van der Hagen and the Samutiri of Kozhikode (11 November 1604), the Dutch were permitted to open a factory at Ponnani in return for their help against the Portuguese.^[10] The factory served as a military outpost of the Dutch East India Company. A Dutch Resident was in charge of the settlement. The aim of the residency was to keep "peace" with the Samutiri of Kozhikode and to watch the activities of the other European powers and the native enemies of the Dutch Company. Stein van Gollenesse wanted to cover the residency building with tiles. But the Samutiri never consented to the proposal, fearing that it would increase the Dutch influence. The chief directed Gollenesse's successor to re-thatch it every year with new coconut leaves.^[27] In 1607, the Dutch had inaugurated negotiations with the Samutiri of Kozhikode at Ponnani.^[12]

English ships captained by James Keeling, sailing from Surat, is known to have visited Ponnani around 1615 AD.^[7]

On 12 February, a friendly reception was given by the Samutiri of Kozhikode to French Viceroy de la Haye and M. Caron (French Company) at Ponnani. M. Coche, a young Parisian clerk in the French Company's service, took up his residence at Ponnani as a token of gratitude.^[13]

A meeting between Father Carre and M. Coche took place off Ponnani on 10 November 1674. According to this narrative, young Coche was "almost metamorphosed into an Indian" by his stay at Ponnani. Carre also met Aubert, a French merchant in the English Company's service. The ship carrying Father Abbe was detained at Ponnani over a dispute over delivery of goods - mainly pepper. Carre took the opportunity to travel by land, with the escort of four Nairs, to Tellicherry Factory.^[13]

On 8 March 1747, it was the Dutch Resident at Ponnani who reported to the Malabar Council the plan of the Samutiri of Kozhikode to occupy by surprise the Fort Chetwai under the pretext of going to Cochin. The alertness of the Ponnani deterred the Samutiri from making the attack. In 1755, the Samutiri's plan to attack the land of Payencherry Nair, a Dutch ally, was also exposed by the Ponnani Residency.^[27]

A meeting between Commandeur van Rheede and the Samutiri of Kozhikode, over the cession of Chetwai, took place at Ponnani in 1678 AD.^[18]

Under the Sultans of Mysore

Response to British Colonial Rule

Ponnani was a major hub of Indian nationalist movement in Malabar District during the British Raj.{{fact|date=January 2019}}

Ali Musaliyar (1854 - 1921), one of principle leaders of the 1921 Mappila Rebellion, had studied at the Ponnani madrasa. Sayyid S. Makti Tangal (d. 1912), an influential Mappila theological reformer, was a native of Ponnani.^[7]

K. V. Raman Menon (1900–1974), known as Ponnani Gandhi, was a reputed Indian National Congress leader of the time who had actively participated in the freedom movement against the British in Malabar District.^[30] He was a social reformer and was a leading lawyer of the Court of Ponnani.^[31]

Presently, Ponnani is one of the major fishing centers in Malappuram.^[8]

The Makhdums of Ponnani

It is known that the Makhdum family sailed from Yemen to South India to propagate Islam. The family initially settled in Tamil Nadu (the Ma'bar region), before moving to Cochin (15th century) and later to Ponnani.^[4]

Sheikh Zain-ud-Din Makhdum I

• Full-name: Sheikh Zain-ud-Din bin Ali bin Ahmed al-Ma'bari (1467 - 1521^[7])
• Education: Mecca, Arabia and Jami'at al-Azhar, Cairo
• Major contributions:
  • Islamic scholar - cum - author
  • Constructed Makhdum Mosque at Ponnani in 1519-1520. As per Roland Miller, the exact year of the construction of the mosque is either or 1510 1519 AD.^[7]
  • Reformed the existing Ponnani Dars (the Ponnani School,^[32] said to have been founded in the 12th century AD^[33]) The curriculum was simple including Arabic grammar, Quranic interpretation, Hadith, law, theology, ethics and mysticism. The institution is today known as Maunat ul-Islam Arabic "College".^[34]
  • Collection of Arabic poems "encouraging" Muslims in Malabar Coast to fight against the Portuguese
  • Other works: Tuhfat-ul-Ahibba, the Irshad-ul-Qasidim, a summary of al-Ghazali's Minaj and a work on Sufism entitled Murshid-ul-Tullab.^[32]
• The nercha at Ponnani is conducted in honor of Zain-ud-Din Makhdum.^[7]

Sheikh Zain-ud-Din Makhdum II

Makhdum II served as the diplomatic envoy to Egypt and Turkey under the Samutiri's of Kozhikode. The Makhdum also kept a wide range of political relations within India, like Mughal emperor Akbar and the Bijapur Sultans Ibrahim Ali Adil Shah and Muhammed Ali Adil Shah.

• Full-name: Sheikh Ahmed Zain-ud-Din bin Muhammad al-Ghazali (1530 - 1581^[7])
• Education: Meccca, Arabia (under Ibn Hajar Al-Haythami), speaks Arabic and Persian.
• Teachers: Imam Shiabudhin Ahmed bin Hajar al-Makki, Abul Hassan Al-Siddiq al-Bakari
• Close Relations: Imam Muhammed Ramli, Imam Muhammed Khatib al-Sarwini
• Major contributions:
  • Islamic scholar - especially of the hadith, orator and historian
  • Samutiri of Kozhikode's diplomatic envoy to Egypt and Turkey
  • Tuhfat al-Mujahidin (1560 - 1583, Lisbon)
  • Fathul Muin - a standard textbook on fiqh/sharia, especially in the Shafi'i Madhhab, in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Egypt

Demographics

Around 68.31% of the population are Muslims and 31.02% are Hindus. Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 5.75% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.22% of total population in Ponnani (M).^[37]

Visitor attractions

• Ponnani Jum'ah Masjid
• Mausoleum of Jarattingal Tangal
• Mausoleum of Makhdum Tangal
• Trikkavu Temple
• Kanda Kurumba Kavu
• House of the Makhdums
• Ponnani Beach
• Patinjarekkara Beach
• Ponnani Azhimukam
• Ponnani Karma Road
• Chamravattam Bridge
• Biyyam Kayal
• Biyyam Hanging Bridge
• Ponnani Harbour

Geography

Transportation

• Nearest Airports: Calicut (CCJ)
• Nearest Major Railway Station: Kuttippuram and Tirur

Politics and governance

Ponnani Municipality is a part of Ponnani Lok Sabha Constituency.^[38]

The Ponnani constituency comprises the Assembly segments of Tirurangadi, Tanur, Tirur, Ponnani, Kottakkal, Thavanoor and Thrithala.^[38] P. Sreeramakrishnan (Communist Party of India Marxist) is current Member of the Legislative Assembly (2016). He is the Speaker of Kerala Legislative Assembly^[39]

References

• Ryumon Ryou
• Ryumon Yasuda
• Ryumyo
• Ryu Myong-hyon
• Ryu Myong-yon
• Ryu Myong-Yon
• Ryu Myong Yon
• Ryu Nagai
• Ryu Naki no Ryuu Yori
• Ryunosuke
• Ryunosuke Harada
• Ryunosuke Noda
• Ryunsuke Noda
• Ryu (Rapper)
• Ryurik Lonin
• Ryurikovo Gorodische
• Ryuryukyo Shinsai
• Ryusai Shigeharu
• Ryusaku
• Ryusei
• Ryusei Maru
• Ryusei Yokohama
• Ryusendo
• Ryusenji
• Ryu Se-ra