| 词条 | Pooper-scooper |
| 释义 |
A pooper-scooper, or poop scoop, is a device used to pick up animal feces from public places and yards, particularly those of dogs. Pooper-scooper devices often have a bag or bag attachment. 'Poop bags' are alternatives to pooper scoopers, and are simply a bag, usually turned inside out, to carry the feces to a proper disposal area. Sometimes, the person performing the cleanup is also known as the pooper-scooper. HistoryThe invention is credited to Brooke Miller, of Anaheim, California. The design she patented is a metal bin with a rake-like edge attached to a wooden stick. It also includes a rake-like device to scoop the poop into the scooper and a hatch that can be attached to a garbage bag that fits onto the base. The generic term pooper-scooper has been included in dictionaries since the early 1970s. LegislationA number of jurisdictions, including New York City, have laws requiring pet owners to clean up after their pets: a) A person who owns, possesses or controls a dog, cat or other animal shall not permit the animal to commit a nuisance on a sidewalk of any public place, on a floor, wall, stairway or roof of any public or private premises used in common by the public, or on a fence, wall or stairway of a building abutting on a public . Authorized employees of New York City Departments of Health (including Animal Care & Control), of Sanitation, or of Parks and Recreation can issue tickets.[1] Such laws are often nicknamed "pooper-scooper laws", though the laws only stipulate that dog owners remove their dogs' feces, not the method or device used (thus using a hand-held plastic bag to remove feces complies with these laws). Health concernsDog droppings are one of the leading sources of E. coli (fecal coliforms) bacterial pollution, Toxocara canis and Neospora caninum helminth parasite pollution. One gram of dog feces contains over 20,000,000 E. coli cells.[2] While an individual animal's deposit of feces will not measurably affect the environment, the cumulative effect of thousands of dogs and cats in a metropolitan area can create serious problems due to contamination of soil and water supplies. The runoff from neglected pet waste contaminates water, creating health hazards for people, fish, ducks, etc.[3] The situation is particularly dire{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} in Germany, where an estimated 1400 tonnes of feces are deposited daily on public property. A citizen commission (2005) overwhelmingly recommended a plan that would break even at about seven months. DNA samples would be required when pet licenses come up for renewal. Within a year, a database of some 12,500 registration-required canine residents would be available to sanitation workers with sample-test kits. Evidence would be submitted to a forensics laboratory where technicians could readily match the waste to its dog. The prospect of a prompt fine equivalent to $600 US (at 2005 exchange rate) would help assure preventive compliance, as well as cover costs.[4] In adult dogs, the infection by Toxocara canis is usually asymptomatic but can be fatal in puppies.[5][6] A number of various vertebrates, including humans, and some invertebrates can become infected by Toxocara canis. Humans are infected, like other paratenic hosts, by ingestion of embryonated T. canis eggs.[7] The disease caused by migrating T. canis larvae (toxocariasis) results in visceralis larva migrans and ocularis larva migrans. Clinically infected people have helminth infection and rarely blindness.[8] {{clear}}See also
References1. ^(1) {{cite web | last =Zand | first =Joel R., Esq. | date = | year = | url =http://www.doglaw.com/New-York-City-Laws/new-york-dog-poop-law.html | title =New York City's Dog Poop Scoop Law | website =Legal issues and laws affecting dogs, companion animals, and their people | publisher =Joel R. Zand | accessdate =2006-06-06}} New York attorney and dog lawyer (2) {{cite web | date = | year = | url =http://www.nycacc.org/researchtools.htm?Wildlife# | title =Wildlife | website =NYC Health Code | publisher =Animal Care & Control of New York City | accessdate =2006-06-06}} 2. ^Coliform and E. coli are commonly used field indicators of fecal contamination by animals (including human) 3. ^{{cite web | date =n.d. | year = | url =http://www.uvm.edu/~empact/water/scoop_poop.php3 | title =Scoop the Poop Campaign | website =BurlingtonEcoInfo > Water > issues > Scoop the Poop | publisher =University of Vermont | accessdate =2006-06-06}} 4. ^{{cite news | first =Reinhard | last =Kargl | url =http://www.popsci.com/popsci/science/459bf79cab965010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html | title =A Pooper Scooper Law with Bite. The Germans consider DNA testing to match poop to pooch | work =Science | publisher =Popular Science | pages = | page = |date=July 2005 | accessdate =2006-06-06}} 5. ^{{cite book | vauthors =Svobodová V, Svoboda M | title =Klinická parazitologie psa a kočky | edition = | publisher = ČAVLMZ | year = 1995 | isbn =}} 6. ^{{cite book |vauthors=Jurášek V, Dublinský P, etal | title = Veterinárna parazitológia | edition = | publisher =Príroda a.s. | year =1993 | isbn =978-80-07-00603-4}} 7. ^{{cite journal |author= Gillespie SH |title= The epidemiology of Toxocara canis |journal=Parasitol Today |volume=4 |issue=6|pages=180–182 |year=1988 |pmid=15463080 |doi= 10.1016/0169-4758(88)90156-1}} 8. ^{{cite journal |author=Despommier D |title=Toxocariasis: clinical aspects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects |journal= Clin Microbiol Rev |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=265–272 |year=2003 |pmid=12692098 |doi=10.1128/CMR.16.2.265-272.2003 |pmc=153144}} Sources
External links
5 : Sanitation|Pet equipment|Waste collection|Dog equipment|Feces |
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