| 词条 | Port Royal Experiment | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Port Royal Experiment was a program begun during the American Civil War in which former slaves successfully worked on the land abandoned by planters. In 1861 the Union liberated the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina and their main harbor, Port Royal. The white residents fled, leaving behind 10,000 black people who had been enslaved. Several private Northern charity organizations stepped in to help the former slaves become self-sufficient. The result was a model of what Reconstruction could have been. The African Americans demonstrated their ability to work the land efficiently and live independently of white control. They assigned themselves daily tasks for cotton growing and spent their extra time cultivating their own crops, fishing and hunting. By selling their surplus crops, the locals acquired small amounts of property. Among the Northerners who arrived as teachers were Mary Lambert Allen and her husband William Francis Allen from West Newton, MA. Detailed descriptions of their daily life are provided in his diaries which have been transcribed. [1] Admiration for the hard work ethic of the former slaves is mentioned, as well as the urgent need for a basic education of which they had been deprived. Allen also took notes on the language, songs and music he heard which he later published. In 1862, General Ormsby M. Mitchel helped African Americans to found the town of Mitchelville on Hilton Head Island. In 1865 President Andrew Johnson ended the experiment, returning the land to its previous white owners. In February 1862, a report was made to the Treasury Dept. which gives an indication of the territory held in the Port Royal Experiment:
In the summer of 1862, Union troops protecting coastal colonies began to withdraw to reinforce Union General George B. McClellan who was engaged in the Peninsula Campaign, a series of battle between March and July. Many of the colonies were consolidated. One example was the migration of camps at Edisto Island to St. Helena Island.[3] See also
References1. ^{{Cite book|title=A Yankee Scholar in Coastal South Carolina: William Francis Allen's Civil War Journals|last=Hester|first=James Robert, ed|publisher=University of South Carolina|year=2015|isbn=|location=|pages=}} 2. ^American Antiquarian Society Online Resource: {{cite web |url=http://faculty.assumption.edu/aas/Reports/negroesatportroyal.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-06-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130702074657/http://faculty.assumption.edu/aas/Reports/negroesatportroyal.html |archivedate=2013-07-02 |df= }} 3. ^Tomblin, Barbara. [https://muse.jhu.edu/book/3710 Bluejackets and Contrabands: African Americans and the Union Navy]. University Press of Kentucky, 2009. p85-86 - via Project MUSE {{subscription required}}
9 : African-American society|African Americans in the Civil War|Reconstruction Era|Social history of the American Civil War|South Carolina in the American Civil War|1861 establishments in the United States|Gullah history|African-American history of South Carolina|American slaves |
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