| 词条 | Eastern kingbird | ||||
| 释义 |
| name = Eastern kingbird | image = Tyrannus-tyrannus-001.jpg | image_caption = Adult | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Tyrannus | species = tyrannus | authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) | range_map = Tyrannus tyrannus distribution map.png | range_map_caption = T. tyrannus range {{leftlegend|#008800|Breeding range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#5F5F5F|Wintering range|outline=gray}} | synonyms = Lanius tyrannus {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}} }} The eastern kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) is a large tyrant flycatcher native to North America. TaxonomyThe eastern kingbird was described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name of Lanius tyrannus.[2] The present genus Tyrannus was introduced in 1799 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède with the eastern kingbird as the type species.[3] The eastern kingbird is monotypic.[4] DescriptionAdults are grey-black on the upperparts with light underparts; they have a long black tail with a white end and long pointed wings. They have a red patch on their crown, seldom seen. They are of average size for a kingbird, at {{Convert|19|-|23|cm|in|abbr = on}}, {{Convert|33|-|38|cm|in|abbr = on}} across the wings and weighing {{Convert|33|-|55|g|oz|abbr = on}}.[5] The call is a high-pitched, buzzing and unmusical chirp, frequently compared to an electric fence.[6] Distribution and rangeTheir breeding habitat is open areas across North America. They make a sturdy cup nest in a tree or shrub, sometimes on top of a stump or pole. These birds aggressively defend their territory, even against much larger birds.[7] These birds migrate in flocks to South America. There are three European records, two from Ireland in October 2012 and September 2013, and one from Scotland in September 2016. BehaviorBreedingSome eastern kingbirds place their nests in the open while others hide nests very well. Eastern kingbirds in Southern British Columbia can nest in open fields; in shrubs over open water; high in tall trees and even in the tops of small stumps. Both male and female participate in nest defense, but females may stay on well-hidden nests longer than females with open nests who may leave nests earlier to chase away predators. Those pairs nesting in the open may be able to see predators coming earlier and rely on aggressive behavior to protect their young. The aggressive behavior of eastern kingbirds has been shown to keep ravens and crows from finding experimental nests placed near kingbird nests. Similar experimental nests placed far from the kingbird nests were found far more often by crows and ravens. They can also recognize and remove cowbird eggs from their nests. Still, blue jays, American crows, squirrels, and tree-climbing snakes are on occasion nest predators. American kestrels are probable predators of adults.[8] Food and feedingEastern kingbirds wait on an open perch and fly out to catch insects in flight, sometimes hovering to pick food off vegetation. They also eat berries and fruit, mainly in their wintering areas.[9] Footnotes1. ^{{IUCN|id=22700506 |title=Tyrannus tyrannus |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 2. ^{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=Volume 1| edition=10th | page=94 | publisher=Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii | language=Latin | url= https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727001 }} 3. ^{{ cite book | last=Lacépède | first=Bernard Germain de | author-link=Bernard Germain de Lacépède | year=1799 | title=Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle | chapter=Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux | language=French | publisher=Plassan | place=Paris | page=5 | chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6uhAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA79 }} Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections. 4. ^{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title= Tyrant flycatchers | work=World Bird List Version 7.3 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/flycatchers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=9 January 2018 }} 5. ^http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Eastern_Kingbird/lifehistory 6. ^http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/253/articles/sounds 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Eastern_Kingbird.html |title=All About Birds: Eastern Kingbird |accessdate=2008-08-12 |work=All About Birds |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |year=2003 }} 8. ^http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/253/articles/behavior 9. ^E.g. of Gumbo-limbo, Bursera simaruba (Foster 2007). ==References==
External links{{Commons category|Tyrannus tyrannus|Eastern Kingbird}}{{Wikispecies|Tyrannus tyrannus}}
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