| 词条 | Eastern Sudanic languages |
| 释义 |
|name=Eastern Sudanic |acceptance=undemonstrated |region=Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Congo (DRC) |familycolor=Nilo-Saharan |child1=Northern (k languages) |child2=Southern (n languages) |child3=? Kuliak |child4=? Berta |iso5=sdv |glotto=none |map=Eastern Sudanic Languages.png |mapcaption=Eastern Sudanic languages: * Group k (orange) * Group n (yellow) }} In most classifications, the Eastern Sudanic languages are a group of nine families of languages that may constitute a branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Eastern Sudanic languages are spoken from southern Egypt to northern Tanzania. Nubian (and possibly Meroitic) gives Eastern Sudanic some of the earliest written attestations of African languages. However, the largest branch by far is Nilotic, spread by extensive and comparatively recent conquests throughout East Africa. Before the spread of Nilotic, Eastern Sudanic was centered in present-day Sudan. The name "East Sudanic" refers to the eastern part of the region of Sudan where the country of Sudan is located, and contrasts with Central Sudanic and Western Sudanic (modern Mande, in the Niger–Congo family). Lionel Bender (1980) proposes several Eastern Sudanic isoglosses (defining words), such as *kutuk "mouth", *(ko)TVS-(Vg) "three", and *ku-lug-ut or *kVl(t) "fish". In older classifications, such as that of Meinhof (1911), the term was used for the eastern Sudanic languages, largely equivalent to modern Nilo-Saharan sans Nilotic, which is the largest constituent of modern Eastern Sudanic. Glottolog (2013) does not accept that a relationship has been demonstrated between any of the nine families of Eastern Sudanic, nor their connection to a broader Nilo-Saharan phylum. Internal classificationThere are two recent classifications of East Sudanic languages. Bender (2000)Bender assigns the languages into two branches, depending on whether the 1sg pronoun ("I") has a /k/ or an /n/: {{clade|label1=Eastern Sudanic |1={{clade |label1=Northern (k languages) |1={{clade |1=Nubian |2=Nara |3=Nyima |4=Taman }} |label2=Southern (n languages) |2={{clade |1=Surmic |2=Eastern Jebel |3=Temein (Nuba Hills) |4=Daju |5=Nilotic }} }} }} Rilly (2009)Claude Rilly (2009:2)[1] provides the following internal structure for the Eastern Sudanic languages. {{clade|label1=Eastern Sudanic |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Northern Eastern Sudanic |1={{clade |1=Nyima |2=Taman |3={{clade |1=Nara |2={{clade |1=Meroitic |2=Nubian }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=Nilotic |2=Surmic }} }} |3= Jebel |4= Temein |5= Daju }} }} Starostin (2015)Starostin, using lexicostatistics, finds strong support for Bender's Northern branch, but none for the Southern branch.[2] Eastern Sudanic as a whole is rated a probable working model, pending proper comparative work, while the relationship between Nubian, Tama, and Nara is beyond reasonable doubt. {{clade|label1=Eastern Sudanic |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=NNT |2=? Nyima |1={{clade |1=Nubian |2={{clade |1=Nara |2=Taman }}}}}} |2=? Surmic |3=? Jebel |4=? Temein |5=? Daju |6=? Nilotic }} }} Nyima is not part of the northern group, though it appears to be closest to it. (For one thing, its pronouns align well with the northern (Astaboran) branches.) Surmic, Nilotic, and Temein share a number of similarities, including in their pronouns, but not enough to warrant classifying them together in opposition to Astaboran without proper comparative work. Jebel and Daju also share many similarities with Surma and Nilotic, though their pronominal systems are closer to Astaboran. Inclusion of Kuliak and Berta is not supported. Similarities with Kuliak may be due to both being Nilo-Saharan families, whereas Berta and Jebel form a sprachbund. References1. ^Rilly, Claude. 2009. From the Yellow Nile to the Blue Nile: The quest for water and the diffusion of Northern East Sudanic languages from the fourth to the first millenia BCE. Paper presented at ECAS 2009 (3rd European Conference on African Studies, Panel 142: African waters - water in Africa, barriers, paths, and resources: their impact on language, literature and history of people) in Leipzig, 4 to 7 June 2009. 2. ^George Starostin (2015) [https://www.academia.edu/10615385/The_Eastern_Sudanic_hypothesis_tested_through_lexicostatistics_current_state_of_affairs The Eastern Sudanic hypothesis tested through lexicostatistics: current state of affairs] (Draft 1.0) Bibliography
2 : Eastern Sudanic languages|Proposed language families |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。