| 词条 | Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome |
| 释义 |
| name = Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome | synonyms = Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) | image = Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome MRI.jpg | caption = Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome visible on magnetic resonance imaging as multiple cortico-subcortical areas of T2-weighted hyperintense (white) signal involving the occipital and parietal lobes bilaterally and pons. | pronounce = | field = Neurology | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a syndrome characterized by headache, confusion, seizures and visual loss. It may occur due to a number of causes, predominantly malignant hypertension, eclampsia and some medical treatments. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, areas of edema (swelling) are seen. The symptoms tend to resolve after a period of time, although visual changes sometimes remain.[1][2] It was first described in 1996.[3] Signs and symptomsTypical symptoms of PRES, listed according to prevalence, include: altered mental status (encephalopathy), seizure, and headache. Less commonly there may be visual disturbances, focal neurologic signs, and status epilepticus.[4][5] CausesSeveral factors appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of PRES, including medications that suppress the function of the immune system (immunosuppressive medications), kidney failure, eclampsia, severe high blood pressure,[4] systemic lupus erythematosus,[6] and postpartum hemorrhage.[7] DiagnosisThe diagnosis is typically made clinically with magnetic resonance imaging of the brain often revealing hyperintensities on T2-weighed imaging. Three patterns have been described: superior frontal sulcus, dominant parieto-occipital, and holohemispheric watershed.[5][8] TreatmentThe treatment of PRES dependent on its cause. Anti-epileptic medication may also be appropriate.[5] PrognosisMany cases resolve within 1–2 weeks of controlling blood pressure and eliminating the inciting factor. However some cases may persist with permanent neurologic impairment in the form of visual changes and seizures among others.[5] Though uncommon, death may occur with progressive swelling of the brain (cerebral edema), compression of the brainstem, increased intracranial pressure, or a bleed in the brain (intracerebral hemorrhage).[5] PRES may recur in about 5-10% of cases; this occurs more commonly in cases precipitated by hypertension as opposed to other factors (medications, etc.).[5] EpidemiologyThe number cases of PRES that occur each year is not known. It may be somewhat more common in females.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} See also
References1. ^{{cite journal |author=Garg RK |title=Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=77 |issue=903 |pages=24–8 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11123390 |pmc=1741870 |doi=10.1136/pmj.77.903.24 |url=http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/77/903/24}} == External links =={{Medical resources2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Pula JH, Eggenberger E |title=Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome |journal=Curr Opin Ophthalmol |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=479–84 |date=November 2008 |pmid=18854692 |doi=10.1097/ICU.0b013e3283129746 |url=}} 3. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Hinchey J, Chaves C, Appignani B, Breen J, Pao L, Wang A, Pessin M, Lamy C, Mas J, Caplan L | title = A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 334 | issue = 8 | pages = 494–500 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8559202 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199602223340803}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Rajasekhar|first=A.|author2=George, T. J.|title=Gemcitabine-Induced Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature|journal=The Oncologist|date=November 2007|volume=12|issue=11|pages=1332–1335|doi=10.1634/theoncologist.12-11-1332|pmid=18055853}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite journal|title = Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: clinical and radiological manifestations, pathophysiology, and outstanding questions|journal = The Lancet Neurology|date = 2015-09-01|issn = 1474-4465|pmid = 26184985|pages = 914–925|volume = 14|issue = 9|doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00111-8|first = Jennifer E.|last = Fugate|first2 = Alejandro A.|last2 = Rabinstein}} 6. ^{{cite journal|last=Kur|first=JK|author2=Esdaile, JM|title=Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome--an underrecognized manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus.|journal=The Journal of Rheumatology|date=November 2006|volume=33|issue=11|pages=2178–83|pmid=16960925}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lio|first=Chon-Fu|last2=Lee|first2=Ying-Hua|last3=Chan|first3=Hung-Yen|last4=Yu|first4=Chang-Ching|last5=Peng|first5=Nan-Jing|last6=Chan|first6=Hung-Pin|date=2017-04-01|title=Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a postpartum hemorrhagic woman without hypertension: A case report|journal=Medicine|volume=96|issue=16|pages=e6690|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000006690|issn=1536-5964|pmc=5406100|pmid=28422884}} 8. ^Peter P, George A. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and the pediatric population. J Pediatr Neurosci 2012;7:136-8. | DiseasesDB = 10460 | ICD10 = I67.83 | ICD9 = 348.39 | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = D054038 }} 3 : Central nervous system disorders|Hypertension|Syndromes affecting the nervous system |
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