“Prashant Bhushan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Prashant Bhushan is a public interest lawyer in the Supreme Court of India and an activist. He was a member of the faction of the India Against Corruption (IAC) movement known as Team Anna which supported Anna Hazare's campaign for the implementation of the Jan Lokpal Bill. After a split in IAC, he helped Team Anna form the Aam Aadmi Party. In 2015, he made several allegations against the party's leadership, its functioning and its deviation from the core ideology, values and commitments. He is one of the founders of Swaraj Abhiyan and Sambhaavnaa, an Institute of Public Policy and Politics. Prashant Bhushan has been accused of promoting secession of Jammu and Kashmir from India and has flouted rules to illegally acquire land in Himachal Pradesh and Allahabad.[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/prashant-bhushan-flouted-rules-seize-himachal-pradesh-land-probe/story-EnWZKZMf2ywajDYDt2ie4H.html] He was also reprimanded by the Indian Supreme Court for using his political contacts for filing mass scale filing of public interest litigation.[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-to-Prashant-Bhushan-How-can-you-become-the-centre-for-public-interest-litigation/articleshow/50553688.cms]

Early life

Prashant Bhushan is the oldest of the four children of Shanti Bhushan and Kumud Bhushan. His father is a lawyer-activist and a former Union Law Minister in the Morarji Desai government.^[1] Bhushan, who briefly attended IIT Madras and Princeton University has a degree in law from Allahabad University. While still a student, Bhushan wrote The Case that Shook India, a book on the case that set aside Indira Gandhi's election in 1974.^[2]^[3]

Legal activism

Bhushan was drawn to public activism, influenced by his father. His main areas of interest have been human rights, environmental protection and accountability of the public servants. He is associated with various organisations including the Centre for Public Interest Litigation (CPIL), People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), and Transparency International (India).^[3] He is also the convenor of the Working Committee of the Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Judicial Reforms.^[4]

Bhushan states that he has taken up about 500 cases dealing with "good causes". His family background allowed him to work on a pro-bono basis for such cases: according to him, he effectively spends only 25 per cent of his time on paid cases, charging 5 per cent of what other lawyers charge. He has criticised the other professional lawyers as "amoral", and claims that he never takes up a case unless he feels that his client is "morally right". His critics have accused him of being a self-righteous publicity-seeker who pursues sensationalist cases, and an anarchist.^[1]

Judicial accountability

Bhushan says that he envisages a transparent and honest legal system, where people can negotiate their own cases without the need of any lawyers. In 1990, he and his father formed the Committee on Judicial Accountability (CJA) to fight corruption in the judiciary. The organisation comprised some lawyers and ex-judges. Prashant Bhushan started focusing more on this issue in 1993, after the Supreme Court Justice V. Ramaswami was not impeached by parliament on corruption charges. In 2007, the Bhushans expanded CJA to include citizens and form the Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Reform (CJAR).^[5]

In 2009, Prashant Bhushan represented activist Subhash Chandra Agrawal, asking for the Supreme Court and High Court judges to be brought under RTI. The judges were forced to declare their assets and post it on the court websites.^[8]

In a 2009 interview, Bhushan alleged that at least half of the 16 former Chief Justices in the Supreme Court were corrupt. Harish Salve filed a contempt case against him in 2010, and the Supreme Court asked Bhushan to apologise. In response, Bhushan submitted an explanation stating why he felt those judges were corrupt.^[8]^[6] The Bhushans noted the difficulty of getting documentary evidence because judges are immune from investigation.^[7] Krishna Iyer, a former Supreme Court judge, said that either the Bhushans should be punished for making "false charges" or an independent authority should be set up to scrutinise their allegations.^[8]

Bhushan has recommended amendment to the Contempt of Court Act clause, stating that some of its clauses effectively prevent the press from exposing the corruption in the judiciary. He has also opposed the rule which prevents people from registering a First Information Report against a judge without the permission of the Chief Justice of India.^[9]

Government accountability

In 1990, Bhushan wrote a book Bofors, the selling of a nation (1990) on the Bofors scandal.^[10]

CPIL won a major victory in 2003 when the Supreme Court restrained the Union government from privatising Hindustan Petroleum and Bharat Petroleum without the approval of Parliament.^[11] As counsel for the CPIL, Rajinder Sachar and Bhushan argued that the only way to disinvest in the companies would be to repeal or amend the Acts by which they were nationalised in the 1970s.^[12]

Bhushan represented the CPIL in a petition asking for the removal of Neera Yadav from office as Chief Secretary of Uttar Pradesh for alleged corruption. Yadav had been named in five CBI corruption cases and 23 departmental proceedings. In October 2005 the Supreme Court directed the Mulayam Singh state government to remove her from her position.^[13] The case became the first in which an Indian Administrative Service officer in Uttar Pradesh was convicted of corruption.^[14]

In February 2006, as counsel for Lok Sevak Sangh, Bhushan submitted to the Supreme Court that the MP Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) might not be constitutionally valid. A TV channel had recently aired video of a sting in which it appeared that some MPs had taken bribes under the scheme. Bhushan said none of the normal controls were being applied, and the scheme was breeding corruption.^[15] The same year, Bhushan also represented the CPIL in a petition alleging that Pepsico and Coca-Cola were failing to warn the public of harmful ingredients in their beverages, and were luring young children through misleading advertising.^[16]

Bhushan filed a PIL challenging the appointment of P.J. Thomas as Central Vigilance Commissioner, after Thomas had been charged in the Palmolein Oil Import Scam. In March 2011, SC struck down the appointment.^[8]

Prashant Bhushan acted for the CPIL when it took the lead in filing a suit against the Government of India for irregularities in a major award of spectrum for 2G mobile telephones. The CPIL petition alleged that the government had lost $15.53 billion by issuing spectrum in 2008 based on 2001 prices, and by not following a competitive bidding process.^[17] The Supreme Court asked the CBI to probe the irregularities in the auction of 2G spectrum. The inquiry resulted in the resignation of the telecom minister A. Raja, who was later arrested along with others including the DMK MP Kanimozhi, officials of Unitech wireless and officials of Reliance ADAG.^[8] In September 2011 Bhushan presented evidence that appeared to disprove the claim by the CBI that Dayanidhi Maran, the former telecom minister, had not applied undue pressure to the owner of Aircel to sell to the Maxis group of Malaysia. Bhushan said the CBI's investigation had been "less than honest".^[18] In January 2012 Bhushan questioned why the CBI had failed to lay charges under the Prevention of Corruption Act against companies such as Essar Group and Loop Mobile despite strong evidence against them.^[19]

In February 2012 the Supreme Court declared the allocation of spectrum had been illegal.^[20]

In 2012, Bhushan filed a PIL seeking cancelation of coal block allocations by the government on the grounds that certain companies had been illegally favoured by the politicians. In response to the PIL, the Supreme Court (SC) scrutinised coal block allocation since 1993. Bhushan also filed a PIL against illegal iron ore extraction in Goa, which led to the Supreme Court halting all the mining operations in the state.^[8]

He successfully challenged the Prime Minister and Home Minister's decision to appoint PJ Thomas as the head of the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC).^[1] Acting on his PIL, SC directed the CVC to apprise it of actions taken on complaints by whistleblowers in the country.^[8]

Prashant Bhushan also represents whisteblower Anand Rai in the ongoing PIL regarding Vyapam scam in the Supreme Court.

Before K V Chowdary's appointment Prashant Bhushan raised a red flag,^[21]^[22] asking the Prime Minister not to go ahead with his appointment, raising severe objections on Chowdary's tenure as CBDT Chief. After Chowdary being appointed, NGO Common Cause represented by Prashant Bhushan has filed a petition in Supreme Court of India challenging K V Chowdary's appointment as CVC and T M Bhasin's appointment as VC on 22 July.^[23]

Naxalism

Prashant Bhushan has criticised the use of violence against the Naxal insurgents in the tribal-dominated areas. He has alleged that the actual intention of the Operation Green Hunt was to clear the tribal lands for mining operations and industrialisation. According to him, the rapid industrialization has led to "destructive development" in the tribal areas through pollution and displacement of people.^[24]

After the April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada, which led to the death of 76 policemen, he stated that such "retaliation" was expected because the government had declared the anti-Naxal operations as a war. He stated that to de-escalate the situation, the government should suspend the armed operations against the Naxals, and instead focus on providing food and infrastructure to the tribals.^[25]

In April 2012 Bhushan drew criticism from Congress leaders when he refused to act as a mediator in negotiating with Maoists who were holding a District Collector hostage. He appealed to the Maoists to release the Govt. officer without conditions. He also said that the government should investigate and address legitimate demands.^[26]

Death penalty

Bhushan is against death penalty, and spoke against the hanging of Ajmal Kasab, who was the lone captured terrorist in the 2008 Mumbai attacks.^[27] Along with Nitya Ramakrishnan, he was the counsel for the Banned documentary December 13,which is a reconstruction of the events that led to the attacks on Parliament, based on the chargesheet filed by the special police cell.^[28]

Other issues

In 1990, he successfully got the criminal liability aspect in the Bhopal gas tragedy reopened by SC, by challenging the settlement in the case of compensation to the victims. This reopened the case against the former Chairman of Union Carbide Corporation Warren Anderson(now deceased).^[8]

Bhushan assisted the Narmada Bachao Andolan activists opposed to the Sardar Sarovar Dam.^[3] After six years of hearings, in October 2000 the Supreme court ruled to allow the massive project to recommence. Bhushan criticised the decision for having been made "without any evidence of the facts [being presented] before the judges".^[29] In February 2001 a criminal petition, was filed with the Supreme Court of India accusing Medha Patkar, Prashant Bhushan and Arundhati Roy of contempt of court for having demonstrated in front of the Supreme court in protest against the judgement on the Sardar Sarovar dam.^[30] Bhushan defended Arundhati Roy when she was charged with contempt of court for publicly criticising judges in the dam hearings. In March 2002 she was sentenced to one day in jail. According to Bhushan the judges were "just affronted by the fact that somebody has dared to criticise them".^[31]

Bhushan is opposed to the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement.^[5] He is opposed to nuclear energy, and supported the People's Movement Against Nuclear Energy against establishment of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant.^[32]

In August 2015, Bhushan filed a PIL in the Supreme Court against the alleged corruption and nepotism in the selection of lower court judges in the Delhi Judicial Services Examination conducted in October 2014. As a result of the PIL, the Supreme Court ordered that the papers be checked by P. V. Reddi, a former SC judge and former Law Commission Chairman Justice. He subsequently recommended that 12 more judges should be inducted into the services. The Supreme Court has to issue guidelines for long-term systemic reform such as increasing transparency in the recruitment procedures.^[33]

The Attorney General of India and the Government of India have initiated contempt proceedings against advocate Bhushan for his tweets on February 01, 2019 in relation to the hearings before the Supreme Court of India in the case involving appointment of CBI chief.^[34]

Team Anna and Jan Lokpal movement

In 2010, there were a series of anti-corruption demonstrations in India, after high-profile cases like Commonwealth Games scam and Adarsh scam were highlighted in the media. An anti-corruption crusade which included a demand for a Jan Lokpal Bill took place and became known as the India Against Corruption movement.^[35] Prashant Bhushan was one of the several activists who participated in the anti-corruption crusade.^[36]

In March, the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) invited Hazare, the most prominent leader of the movement, for talks. Prashant Bhushan and his father Shanti Bhushan, along with Swami Agnivesh and Kiran Bedi, accompanied Hazare to the meeting.^[37] Subsequently, in April 2011, Hazare nominated the Bhushans as members of the joint committee constituted to draft a final version of the Lokpal Bill.^[38]

A few days after the committee began work, a CD was released that appeared to be a recording of conversation between Shanti Bhushan and Amar Singh of the Samajwadi Party. The recording, related to 2G spectrum case, would discredit Shanti Bhushan, if found to be genuine. Prashant Bhushan stated that labs had shown the CD was doctored, and that its purpose was to obstruct the anti-corruption movement.^[39] Later, Singh claimed that Bhushan telephoned him and tried to stop him from talking, a charge which Bhushan denied.^[40]

The committee met the government representatives several times to discuss the proposed bill. Prashant Bhushan stated that the Lokpal should have full autonomy and power to prosecute all public servants, and that this principle was non-negotiable.^[41] Team Anna activists disagreed with the government's attempt to keep the Prime Minister out of the Lokpal's purview. The government did not want the Lokpal to have the power to investigate the Prime Minister, the higher judiciary, the defence services, the CBI and the CVC and the conduct of MPs inside Parliament.^[42] The government's draft of the bill also excluded several other Lokpal powers proposed by Team Anna's draft such as the powers to tap phones.^[43]

On 4 August 2011, the government's version of the Lokpal bill was tabled in the Lok Sabha. Prashant Bhushan and other IAC activists criticised the bill as weak, stating that it would provide protection to the corrupt officials.^[44] Hazare staged a demonstration against the government's version of the bill, but was detained. The other activists, including Prashant Bhushan, then organised peaceful protests across the country.^[45] Following a hunger strike by Hazare and more failed negotiations with the government representatives, a section of Team Anna activists led by Kejriwal and Bhushan decided to enter politics to pass the bill themselves.

Himachal land controversy

In 2011, the Congress leader Digvijaya Singh alleged that the two Bhushans had failed to pay taxes due when they bought an investment property in Allahabad. Bhushan denied the charge, calling it a "very organised and concerted attempt to smear members of the civil society in the Lokpal drafting committee with allegations".^[46]

In a similar accusation, the former BJP Chief Minister, Prem Kumar Dhumal, had rejected those charges, defending the grant of relaxations to the educational trust.^[47]

Kashmir issue controversy

In 2011, at a press conference in Varanasi, Bhushan stated that he wanted the Armed Forces Special Powers Act to be revoked in Jammu and Kashmir. He added that the government should try to persuade the people of the Kashmir valley to align with India but that they should be allowed to separate if they wish to do so.^[48] On 12 October 2011, he was attacked by the members of Bhagat Singh Kranti Sena inside the Supreme Court complex, for these remarks. The group accused him of trying to break up India. He was dragged out of his chair, and repeatedly kicked and punched.^[49]^[50] Bhushan described his attackers as having a "fascist mindset" and stood by his statements.^[51] Several politicians and activists condemend the attack on Bhushan, while some others criticised him. The Shiv Sena called for a police case to be registered against Bhushan, accusing him of supporting the anti-national elements.^[52] Hazare distanced Team Anna from Bhushan's remarks, saying that these were his personal views.^[53]

Aam Aadmi Party

Bhushan had long been a critic of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. In 2012, he co-founded the Aam Aadmi Party, stating that the other political parties were corrupt.^[49]

Bhushan accused BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate Narendra Modi of being corrupt and a "puppet" of Reliance Industries.^[54] He also accused RSS of supporting terror activities, and criticised BJP for its links with the RSS.^[55]^[56]

Before the 2015 Delhi elections, Bhushan accused party's chief Arvind Kejriwal of selecting candidates of his own choice.^[57] After the elections, on 4 March 2015, Bhushan and Yogendra Yadav were voted out of Political Affairs Committee of Aam Aadmi Party for alleged anti-party activities and for working toward the party's defeat in the Delhi elections. Both Bhushan and Yadav denied the charges. On 28 March 2015, they were dropped from the National Executive Council of the AAP following a vote, at a meeting the conduct of which was afterwards disputed by Bhushan. He and Yadav then formed a new political movement called Swaraj Abhiyan.^[58] In April 2015, they were expelled from the party by AAP's disciplinary committee.^[59]

Personal life

Prashant Bhushan is married to Deepa Bhushan, a former lawyer. Deepa gave up her career, as she could not stand the "uncouth behaviour in the courts" and the long wait for the cases to be disposed off.^[5] The couple have three sons. The family lives in Shanti Bhushan's house in Noida.^[49]

Bibliography

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40. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prashant-denies-telephoning-amar-singh-to-gag-him/article1994353.ece |date=6 May 2011 |title=Prashant denies telephoning Amar Singh to 'gag' him |publisher=The Hindu |first=Gargi |last=Parsai |accessdate=28 April 2012}}
41. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.sify.com/news/basic-principles-of-lokpal-bill-not-negotiable-says-prashant-bhushan-news-national-lfxwanjfcbc.html |publisher=Sify News |title=Basic principles of Lokpal Bill not negotiable, says Prashant Bhushan |date=23 May 2011 |accessdate=28 April 2012}}
42. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2063347.ece |date=31 May 2011 |title=Government going back on its word: Kejriwal |publisher=The Hindu |first=K. |last=Balchand |accessdate=28 April 2012}}
43. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2125762.ece |publisher=The Hindu |date=22 June 2011 |title=Lokpal: key proposals made by Hazare team missing from govt. draft |accessdate=29 April 2012}}
44. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.sify.com/news/govt-should-withdraw-its-lokpal-bill-prashant-bhushan-news-national-likvulfgddg.html |title=Govt. should withdraw its Lokpal Bill: Prashant Bhushan |date=10 August 2011 |publisher=Sify }}
45. ^{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-16/news/29892324_1_jai-prakash-narain-park-anna-hazare-protest-march |publisher=The Economic Times |location=India |title=Cabinet ministers taking decisions on Hazare's protest: Prashant Bhushan |date=16 August 2011 |accessdate=29 April 2012}}
46. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.sify.com/news/prashant-bhushan-refutes-digvijay-singh-s-stamp-duty-evasion-charge-news-national-lepvEghhbhe.html |publisher=Sify News |title=Prashant Bhushan refutes Digvijay Singh's stamp duty evasion charge |date=15 April 2011 |accessdate=28 April 2012}}
47. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/land-transferred-to-bhushans-trust-admits/916075/ |title=Land transferred to Bhushan's trust, admits Dhumal, reminds Virbhadra of Tibetans |publisher=The Indian Express |location=Chandigarh |date=24 February 2012 |accessdate=28 April 2012}}
48. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/India/Prashant-Bhushan-Had-Called-For-Plebiscite-In-Kashmir-11359.html |title=Prashant Bhushan Had Called For Plebiscite in Kashmir |date=12 October 2011 |publisher=India TV |accessdate=29 April 2012}}
49. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹{{cite news |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/prashat-bhushan-coal-scam-2g-radia-tapes/1/321465.html |title=PIL warrior Prashat Bhushan: Scams, isolation and his beliefs |first=Harish V. |last=Nair |date=3 November 2013 |publisher=Mail Today }}
50. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.oneindia.in/2011/10/12/prashant-bhushan-beaten-up-attackers-justify-brutal-act.html |publisher=One India News |title=Prashant Bhushan beaten up; attackers justify 'brutal' act |date=12 October 2011 |accessdate=27 April 2012}}
51. ^{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bhushan-stands-by-his-kashmir-plebiscite-remark/192758-3.html |date=13 October 2011 |title=My views on Kashmir not seditious, says Bhushan |first=Rajdeep |last=Sardesai |publisher=CNN-IBN |accessdate=26 April 2012}}
52. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_register-case-against-bhushan-for-comment-on-kashmir-shiv-sena_1598373 |title=Register case against Bhushan for comment on Kashmir: Shiv Sena |publisher=DNA |date=13 October 2011 |accessdate=26 April 2012}}
53. ^{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-14/india/30278775_1_jammu-and-kashmir-team-anna-ralegan-siddhi |title=Team Anna distances itself from Prashant Bhushan's comments on Kashmir |date=14 October 2011 |publisher=The Times of India |accessdate=28 April 2012}}
54. ^{{cite news |url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-09/news/46030315_1_prashant-bhushan-narendra-modi-bjp-mla|publisher=The Economic Times |location=India |title=Prashant Bhushan takes on Narendra Modi, calls him a Reliance puppet|date=9 January 2014}}
55. ^{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-08/news/47148820_1_rss-prashant-bhushan-sister-organisations |publisher=The Economic Times |location=India |title=Will BJP snap its ties with RSS, asks AAP's Prashant Bhushan|date=8 February 2014}}
56. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-will-bjp-snap-its-ties-with-rss-asks-prashant-bhushan-1960355|publisher=Daily News and Analysis |location=India |title=Will BJP snap its ties with RSS, asks Prashant Bhushan|date=8 February 2014}}
57. ^Prashant Bhushan accuses Kejriwal of selecting candidates with money and muscle power to win?
58. ^Yogendra Yadav, Prashant Bhushan sacked from AAP national executive
59. ^AAP expels Yogendra Yadav, Prashant Bhushan