“Pregnant patients' rights”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

There are many debates that arise from pregnancy rights, ranging from whether or not fertility treatments are ‘right’ or whether using surrogate mothers is wrong. It comes down to the mother’s right. As a woman, there are more challenges than just the fundamentals of the decisions surrounding their pregnancy. Maternity leave, parental leave and the time allotted for these leaves varies from company to company.^[1]

The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) gathered in Cairo in September 1994 to discuss and “formulate a consensus position on population and development for the next 20 years”.^[2] One of the other goals was to make education and medical services available to women while they are pregnant, and when the time comes, have delivery options available. A main concern has always been postnatal care; people think that the hardest part is the birth of the child but there are so many additional concerns once the child is born and brought into this world. Complications both prior to pregnancy, during delivery, and after delivery are a potential concern in all births, the ICPD talked about enhancing the available support for all women.^[2] Pregnancy rights throughout the world are not going to be the same in every single place but the ICPD is aiming to eliminate discrimination during pregnancy and make all pregnant patients’ rights available to everyone.

Nurses and patients sometimes run into troubles because their opinions will often vary in what they think should be done in terms of termination or pre/post natal care.^[3] As Kane, 2009 states “The NMC code of professional conduct states that: ‘you must make the care of people your first concern”’ enforcing that the nurses opinions really should be kept to themselves so as to not influence the decision of the patients.

Rights in Australia

In Australia pregnant women have the same rights as any other member of society. However, they do have some extra rights when it comes to their rights in the workforce.

Pregnant women' rights in the workforce

Under the Fair Work Act 2009 section ^[4] pregnant women are still entitled to the same amount of sick leave as any other individual as being pregnant does not classify as an illness. A Pregnant woman however is able to take unpaid leave for "special maternity leave", this is maternity leave that she can take if she has a pregnancy related illness or the pregnancy ends any time after the first trimester due to a miscarriage, a stillbirth or a termination.

Terminating the pregnancy

In Australia the laws on termination change between each state and territory. In Western Australia termination is considered lawful up until 20 weeks of pregnancy. A termination after 20 weeks can only be undertaken if there is two medical practitioners from a panel of six that agree that the women or the fetus has or will have a serious medical condition if the pregnancy continued.^[6]

Immunisation

During pregnancy, women have the right to seek getting immunised with the influenza vaccine "Flu Shot" and the adult dTpa vaccine (pertussis). Both of these vaccines are recommended however it is up to the individual whether or not to go ahead with the vaccinations.^[7]

References

1. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.babycenter.ca/pregnancy/work/maternityrights/ | title=Your pregnancy rights | year=2012 | accessdate=May 11, 2012}}
2. ^¹{{cite journal | jstor=2137493 | title=The Cairo conference on population and development: A new paradigm?. | author=McIntosh, C. A., & Finkle, J. L. | journal=Population and Development Review | year=1995 | volume=21 | issue=2 | pages=223–260 | doi=10.2307/2137493}}
3. ^{{cite journal | title=Conscientious objection to termination of pregnancy: the competing rights of patients and nurses | author=Kane, R. | journal=Journal of Nursing Management | year=2009 | volume=17 | issue=7 | pages=907–912 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2834.2008.00888.x}}
4. ^¹²{{Cite web|url = https://www.legislation.gov.au/Series/C2009A00028|title = Federal Register of Legislation|last =|first =|date =|website =|publisher =|access-date =}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url = https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2004A01186|title = SEX DISCRIMINATION AMENDMENT (PREGNANCY AND WORK) ACT 2003 No. 103, 2003|last =|first =|date =|website =|publisher =|access-date =}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp9899/99rp01|title = Abortion Law in Australia|last =|first =|date =|website =|publisher =|access-date =}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/pregnant-women|title = Immunise Australia Program|last =|first =|date =|website =|publisher =|access-date =}}

6. Federal Register of Legislation. (2003). Sex Discrimination Amendment (pregnancy and work) act. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2004A01186

7. Parliament of Australia.(1998). Abortion law in Australia. Retrieved from http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp9899/99rp01

8. Australian Government Department of Health. (2015) Immunise Australia Program. Retrieved from http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/pregnant-women