| 词条 | Premendra Mitra |
| 释义 |
| name = Premendra Mitra | image = Premendra Mitra.jpg | caption = | birth_date = {{birth year|1904}} | birth_place = Varanasi, India | death_date = {{death date and age|1988|05|02|1904|df=y}} | death_place = Kolkata | occupation = Poet, Novelist, Short Story Writer, Science Fiction Writer, Film Director, Professor of Bengali | spouse = Beena Mitra | awards = Rabindra Puraskar Padmashree Sharat Puraskar | signature = }}{{Contains Indic text}}Premendra Mitra (1904–1988)[1][2] was a renowned Bengali poet, novelist, short story and thrillers writer and film director. He was also Bengal's most famous practitioner of science fiction in its own language. His critique of humanity led him to believe that for it to survive, human beings had to "forget their differences and be united".[3] LifeMitra was born in Varanasi, India where his father Gyanendranath Mitra was an employee of the Indian Railways and because of that he had the opportunity to travel to many places in India. Having lost his mother, who died during his childhood, he was brought up by his grandparents in Uttar Pradesh and spent his later life in Calcutta (now Kolkata) and Dhaka. He was a student of South Suburban School (Main) and enrolled for a BA at the Scottish Church College[4] in Calcutta which he left prematurely to study agriculture in Santiniketan with a friend of Rabindranath Tagore, Leonard Elmhirst. Because it did not hold his interest, he returned to education first on an undergraduate course in Dhaka and in 1925 at Asutosh College in Calcutta where he assisted the research of Dinesh Chandra Sen.[5] During his initial years, he (unsuccessfully) aspired to be a physician and studied the natural sciences. Later he started out as a school teacher. He even tried to make a career for himself as a businessman, but he was unsuccessful in that venture as well. At a time, he was working in the marketing division of a medicine-producing company. After trying out other occupations, in which he met marginal or moderate success, he rediscovered his talents for creativity in writing and eventually became a Bengali author and poet. Married to Beena Mitra in 1930, he was, by profession, a professor of Bengali at City College in north Calcutta. He spent almost his entire life in a house at Kalighat, Calcutta. As an author and editorIn November 1923, Mitra came from Dhaka and stayed in a mess at Gobinda Ghoshal Lane, Calcutta. There, he wrote 2 stories and sent them to the popular Bengali journal Prabasi (meaning: The Exile). His first published work was Shudhu Keranee in Prabasi in March 1924. In the following issue, another story, Goponcharini, was published. His poems were better known for their sharpness and wit. They also expressed empathy for the sufferings of the proletariat. Five years earlier, in 1925, when Rabindranath Tagore wrote Punoshcho, the first universally accepted Bengali prose-poetry book, Mitra wrote some poetries in the magazines, Bijli, Kali Kalam, etc. which were of that kind. Buddhadeb Bosu thus wrote: {{quote| He is one of the earliest practitioners— one might say pioneers— of the prose poem.}}The first book of poetry was Prothoma (1932). His short stories were well-structured and innovative, and encompassed the diverse to the divergent in urban Indian society. The themes of poverty, degradation, caste, the intermittent conflict between religion and rationality and themes of the rural-urban divide are a thematically occurring refrain in much of his work. He experimented with the stylistic nuances of Bengali prose and tried to offer alternative linguistic parameters to the high-class elite prose of the Bengali language. It was basically an effort to make the Bengali literature free from softness, excessive romance and use of an old style of writing which were prevalent in contemporary writings. Nana Range Bona is not only a short story collection, but it is the only known autobiography of Premendra Mitra. He edited Bengali journals and news-magazines like Kallol [কল্লোল], Kali Kalam [কালি কলম], Banglar Kotha, Bongobani etc. He also wrote in Mouchak, a magazine run by Sudhir Chandra Sarkar. He was connected to the Akashbani at first as a producer; later he performed other duties. He also wrote brilliant and innovative science fictions and thrillers. Those are based on firm scientific temperaments and facts. Two of his most well-known stories are Piprey Puran (The Story of the Ants) and Mangalbairi [মঙ্গলবৈরী] (The Martian Enemies). Although these are more popular among Bengali-speaking school children and teenagers, they are popular among an older generation of literary aficionados as well. Ghanada{{See also|Premendra Mitra#Characters|l1=Characters}}In particular, his creation of the character of Ghanada [ঘনাদা] (meaning: 'Elder brother Ghana' in Bengali) won him public recognition.[6] The character of Ghanada is an uninterested unemployed middle-aged male who can apparently weave adventures almost at the drop of a hat. His adventures cover themes ranging from crime, human ingenuity, science, history, geography, metaphysics and philosophy. It is obvious that while Ghanada himself has not been involved in any of the adventures he claims to have taken part in, he is certainly a learned man with an exceptional gift for storytelling. The stories are notably accurate from a scientific point of view. Ghanada may be seen as Mitra's parody or caricature of the Bengali urban middle class celibate intellectual, who is at home in the world of books and knowledge, but has little practical experience whatsoever. Like Satyajit Ray's Feluda, the older Ghanada although not abhorring the opposite sex, is not entirely at ease with them either. He stays at an all-male hostel and maintains an almost frugal existence. Ghanada is a self-educated person and his education is mostly due to time spent at the local libraries. In a way, it could be argued that these stories also reflect larger patterns of social transformations. Mejokorta{{See also|Premendra Mitra#Characters|l1=Characters}}Another masterpice of his creation was the character of Mejokorta (meaning: 'the next brother of the eldest son of a family' in Bengali). Mejokarta was a famous "Bhoot Shikari" (meaning: Ghost-hunter in Bengali). The series of Mejokarta, although not as long as that of Ghanada, has left its prominent mark in the genre of ghost stories in Bengali. Mitra's literary works were included in the curriculum at school level, secondary, higher secondary and graduation levels of Bengali literature in West Bengal and Bangladesh. List of booksPoems
Short story collectionsBengali
English(Not actually written by him, later translated)
For children
. List of writingsRhymes
Fairy tales, ghost stories and teenager stories
Ghost stories
. Fun stories
. Science fictionsHe was among the pioneers of Bengali science fiction. He started writing Science fictions to make children and preteens familiar with science.
Novels
CharactersGhanada (Brother Ghana){{Main|Ghanada}}Ghanada (Original name: Ghanashyam Das) is a middle-aged resident of a mess at 72, Banamali Naskar Lane in Kolkata, West Bengal with the four young members Shibu, Shishir, Gour and Sudhir (the narrator of the stories). He claims himself to be full of thrilling experience all over the globe (and, even in Mars!) to tackle conspiracies. Also, some of the stories are about Ganado (Original name: Ghonoram Das [ঘনরাম দাস]) in South America, and Bachanram Das [বচনরাম দাস] in Agra at Medieval India, his ancestors. First Ghanada story is Mawshaa [মশা] (The Mosquito) in 1945.[8]Mamababu (Maternal Uncle)Mamababu lived in Burma on account of his service. Original name of this middle-aged man is never stated. His expeditions are written in many novels and short-stories, such as:
This character inspires Sunil Gangopadhyay to write his famous Kakababu series. Parashor BarmaParashor Barma is a detective but he tries to be a poet.[9] First Parashor story is Goyenda Kobi Parashor [গোয়েন্দা কবি পরাশর] (Detective Poet Parashor) in 1932. Some other stories are:
Two Ghanada tales also include Parashar Barma : Parasharey Ghanaday and Ghanada Phirlen.[11] MejokortaLike Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay's Baroda, Mejokorta is also famous for his ghost stories. There are 11 stories of Mejokorta in total. Two are uncollected. The rest are in the book Bhoot Shikari Mejo Korta Ebong... (Mejo Korta the Ghost Hunter and...).[12] All stories are claimed by the narrator to be found in a very old hand-written manuscript, which the narrator found inside a running bus. Accolades
He was also awarded the Padmashree and the Mouchak Puraskar. Publishers of Mitra's writingsCurrently, his books are published from Shishu Sahitya Samsad, Ananda Publishers and Dey's Publishing. Ananda has published the complete collection of Ghanada, in 3 volumes: Ghanada Samagra 1, Ghanada Samagra 2, Ghanada Samagra 3 and the complete collection of Parashor Barma in a single volume: Parashor Samagra. Leela Majumdar translated several Ghanada tales in a volume called Adventures of Ghanada.[13]The latest English translation of his Ghanada stories (Mosquito and Other Stories) was published by Penguin Books India in 2004.[13] Some more translated works are available now-a-days. FilmographyDirection
Story, screenplay, lyrics and dialogues
See also
ReferencesCitations1. ^{{cite book|author=Sibaji Bandyopadhyay|title=Sibaji Bandyopadhyay Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhmfd7G0oYUC&pg=PA235|accessdate=25 June 2012|publisher=Worldview Publications|isbn=978-81-920651-8-2|pages=235–}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Mohan Lal|title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature Volume Five (Sasay To Zorgot)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA3889|accessdate=25 June 2012|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|pages=3889–}} 3. ^Bridges to Breakthroughs: Tracing the Genealogy of the Indian Science. Shradha Kabra, The Criterion, an International Journal in English, December 2012, Vol.III, Iss.IV, {{ISSN|0976-8165}} 4. ^Some Alumni of Scottish Church College in 175th Year Commemoration Volume. Scottish Church College, April 2008, p. 590 5. ^Premendra Mitra Mindscape (Bengali), Sahitya Akademi, 2000 6. ^Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Sahitya Akademi, 1992 7. ^1 Debjani Sengupta (2003). {{cite web|url= http://www.sarai.net/publications/readers/03-shaping-technologies/resolveUid/8d9312b206058106c1a2099f849783aa |title=Sadhanbabu’s Friends: Science Fiction in Bengal from 1882–1961 }}, Sarai Reader: Shaping Technologies 3. 8. ^from the 'Short stories from the 1940s' page of the Ghanada Gallery website : http://ghanada.wix.com/ghanada-gallery#!short-stories-from-the-1940s/corn 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.banglamystery.com/Bengali_mystery_literature_writers.htm |title=Authors of Bengali mystery stories (গোয়েন্দা ও রহস্যকাহিনী লেখক) |publisher=Banglamystery.com |date= |accessdate=11 July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402215455/http://www.banglamystery.com/Bengali_mystery_literature_writers.htm |archivedate=2 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 10. ^{{Cite book|title=Adyopanta Parashar (Bengali)|last=Premendra Mitra|first=|publisher=Sakkhorata Prakashan|year=1977|isbn=|location=Kolkata|pages=3}} 11. ^from the 'Short stories from the 1980s' page of the Ghanada Gallery website : http://ghanada.wix.com/ghanada-gallery#!short-stories-from-the-1980s/c1gv5 12. ^from 'Premendra Mitra's Mejokarta : Headpieces' on the Blogus blog : https://blogus-abogusblog.blogspot.in/2017/02/Mejokarta-Headpieces.html 13. ^1 from the 'Translations' page of the Ghanada Gallery website : http://ghanada.wix.com/ghanada-gallery#!translations/c14zm Sources
External links
25 : Bengali writers|Bengali-language writers|20th-century Bengali poets|Bengali-language poets|Bengali film directors|1904 births|1988 deaths|Indian children's writers|Bengali detective writers|Indian male novelists|Scottish Church College, Calcutta alumni|University of Calcutta alumni|Recipients of the Rabindra Puraskar|Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali|Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education|Writers from Kolkata|Writers from Varanasi|Bengali-language science fiction writers|20th-century Indian novelists|20th-century Indian poets|Bengali male poets|Indian male poets|Poets from West Bengal|20th-century Indian male writers|Novelists from Uttar Pradesh |
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