“Premetro”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A premetro is a tramway or light railway which includes segments built to rapid transit standards, generally as part of a process of conversion to a metro-standards railway usually by the construction of tunnels in the central city area.^[1]

History

The first city to carry a portion of a streetcar line through the city center in a tunnel was Marseille, France, in 1893, with its Noailles subterranean station (see Marseille tramway). It was initially operated by horse-drawn wagons. The next prominent example was the Tremont Street Subway (1897) in Boston, today part of the MBTA Green Line. These early tunnels were intended solely to reduce streetcar congestion on surface streets, not for later conversion to metro service.^[2] Several early streetcar tunnels, including the Steinway Tunnel and East Boston Tunnel, were later converted to metro operation. However, the small loading gauge, tight curves, and steep grades of the streetcar tunnels required smaller metro cars than otherwise desirable.^[2]

The modern premetro concept began in 1960s Germany, as rising traffic congestion due to auto ownership led to the construction of new transit systems. Rather than building costly metro lines immediately, some cities built only the downtown tunnels. They could be used by existing tram lines in the short term, with the intention of full metro conversion later - hence "pre-metro".^[3] The idea spread to other European countries in the 1970s, especially Belgium, where such systems were explicitly named premetros.^[3]

Examples

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RfpjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YeYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5235%2C5030573 | author = John Hoyle | title=Letters to the editor -- The tram is the answer | newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald | quote = Cities such as Frankfurt and Cologne in West Germany have further developed their tramway system by introducing a concept known as "premetro." In this system trams or light rail vehicles make extensive use of tunnels, reserve track and by utilizing folding steps these vehicles can operate through high or low stopping places. | date=16 May 1975 | accessdate=2014-01-13}}
2. ^¹{{cite book |title=Change at Park Street Under |last=Cudahy |first=Brian J. |year=1972 |publisher=Stephen Greene Press |isbn=0828901732 |lccn=72081531 |pages=10-11, 31-33}}
3. ^¹{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgKLfKjjft8C&lpg=PA699&dq=&pg=PA699#v=onepage&q&f=false | author = Ian Yearsley | title=Trams are coming back | journal=New Scientist | publisher=Reed Business Information Ltd. | quote = But instead of building the entire expensive systems immediately, the Germans hit on the idea of building only the city centre tunnels at first. Intended in the long run to be extended to full undergrounds, in the short term they could be used by trams which would continue to run on the surface outside city centres. The idea spread to other European countries, especially Belgium, where it became known as pre-metro. Today Brussels, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and many other cities are filling their central business districts with construction sites to move the trains underground. | date = 21 December 1972 | accessdate = 2014-01-14}}
4. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/be/ant/antwerpen.htm | title=Antwerpen Tram & Premetro | website=UrbanRail.net | quote=Antwerpen rail network is a typical premetro network. | year = 2013| accessdate=2014-01-22}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Une station fantôme au secours du futur Métro Nord de la STIB|url=http://www.rtbf.be/info/regions/detail_une-station-fantome-au-secours-du-futur-metro-nord-de-la-stib?id=8226114|author=Geoffroy Fabre|publisher=RTBF|date=2014-03-19|accessdate=2014-05-09}}
6. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/be/ant/antwerpen.htm | title=Charleroi Premetro | website=UrbanRail.net | quote=The Charleroi Metro is a typical prémétro network, i.e. trams that run underground in the city centre and on viaducts or separate right-of-way through outer parts (similar to German Stadtbahn systems). | year = 2013| accessdate=2014-01-22}}