| 词条 | Primary immunodeficiency |
| 释义 |
Primary immunodeficiencies are disorders in which part of the body's immune system is missing or does not function normally. To be considered a primary immunodeficiency (PID), the cause of the immune deficiency must not be secondary in nature (i.e., caused by other disease, drug treatment, or environmental exposure to toxins). Most primary immunodeficiencies are genetic disorders; the majority are diagnosed in children under the age of one, although milder forms may not be recognized until adulthood. While there are over 300 recognized PIDs, most are very rare. About 1 in 500 people in the United States are born with a primary immunodeficiency.[1] Immune deficiencies can result in persistent or recurring infections, autoinflammatory disorders, tumors, and disorders of various organs. There are currently limited treatments available for these conditions; most are specific to a particular type of PID. Research is currently evaluating the use of stem cell transplants (HSCT) and experimental gene therapies as avenues for treatment in limited subsets of PIDs. Signs and symptomsThe precise symptoms of a primary immunodeficiency depend on the type of defect. Generally, the symptoms and signs that lead to the diagnosis of an immunodeficiency include recurrent or persistent infections or developmental delay as a result of infection. Particular organ problems (e.g. diseases involving the skin, heart, facial development and skeletal system) may be present in certain conditions. Others predispose to autoimmune disease, where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues, or tumours (sometimes specific forms of cancer, such as lymphoma). The nature of the infections, as well as the additional features, may provide clues as to the exact nature of the immune defect.[1] DiagnosisThe basic tests performed when an immunodeficiency is suspected should include a full blood count (including accurate lymphocyte and granulocyte counts) and immunoglobulin levels (the three most important types of antibodies: IgG, IgA and IgM).[1] Other tests are performed depending on the suspected disorder:[1]
Due to the rarity of many primary immunodeficiencies, many of the above tests are highly specialised and tend to be performed in research laboratories.[1] Criteria for diagnosis were agreed in 1999. For instance, an antibody deficiency can be diagnosed in the presence of low immunoglobulins, recurrent infections and failure of the development of antibodies on exposure to antigens. The 1999 criteria also distinguish between "definitive", "probable" and "possible" in the diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency. "Definitive" diagnosis is made when it is likely that in 20 years, the patient has a >98% chance of the same diagnosis being made; this level of diagnosis is achievable with the detection of a genetic mutation or very specific circumstantial abnormalities. "Probable" diagnosis is made when no genetic diagnosis can be made, but the patient has all other characteristics of a particular disease; the chance of the same diagnosis being made 20 years later is estimated to be 85-97%. Finally, a "possible" diagnosis is made when the patient has only some of the characteristics of a disease which are present, but not all.[2] Conditions{{main|List of primary immunodeficiencies}}There are many forms of PID. The International Union of Immunological Societies recognizes nine classes of primary immunodeficiencies, totaling over 120 conditions. A 2014 update of the classification guide added a 9th category and added 30 new gene defects from the prior 2009 version.[3][4] {{As of|2018}}, there are approximately 300 forms of PID that have been identified.[5] Different forms of PID have different mechanisms. Rough categorizations of conditions divide them into humoral immunity disorders, T-cell and B-cell disorders, phagocytic disorders, and complement disorders.[6] Most forms of PID are very rare. IgA deficiency is an exception, and is present in 1 in 500 people. Some of the more frequently seen forms of PID include common variable immunodeficiency, severe combined immunodeficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, [7] CausesBy definition, primary immune deficiencies are due to genetic causes. They may result from a single genetic defect, but most are multifactorial. They may be caused by recessive or dominant inheritance. Some are latent, and require a certain environmental trigger to become manifest, like the presence in the environment of a reactive allergen. Other problems become apparent due to aging of bodily and cellular maintenance processes. TreatmentThe treatment of primary immunodeficiencies depends foremost on the nature of the abnormality. Somatic treatment of primarily genetic defects is in its infancy. Most treatment is therefore passive and palliative, and falls into two modalities: managing infections and boosting the immune system. Reduction of exposure to pathogens may be recommended, and in many situations prophylactic antibiotics or antivirals may be advised. In the case of humoral immune deficiency, immunoglobulin replacement therapy in the form of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) may be available. In cases of autoimmune disorders, immunosuppression therapies like corticosteroids may be prescribed. ResearchBone marrow transplantVirus-specific T-lymphocytes (VST) therapy is used for patients who have received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation that has proven to be unsuccessful. It is a treatment that has been effective in preventing and treating viral infections after HSCT. VST therapy uses active donor T-cells that are isolated from alloreactive T-cells which have proven immunity against one or more viruses. Such donor T-cells often cause acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a subject of ongoing investigation. VSTs have been produced primarily by ex-vivo cultures and by the expansion of T-lymphocytes after stimulation with viral antigens. This is carried out by using donor-derived antigen-presenting cells. These new methods have reduced culture time to 10–12 days by using specific cytokines from adult donors or virus-naive cord blood. This treatment is far quicker and with a substantially higher success rate than the 3–6 months it takes to carry out HSCT on a patient diagnosed with a primary immunodeficiency.[9] T-lymphocyte therapies are still in the experimental stage; few are even in clinical trials, none have been FDA approved, and availability in clinical practice may be years or even a decade or more away. EpidemiologyA survey of 10,000 American households revealed that the prevalence of diagnosed primary immunodeficiency approaches 1 in 1200. This figure does not take into account people with mild immune system defects who have not received a formal diagnosis.[10] Milder forms of primary immunodeficiency, such as selective immunoglobulin A deficiency, are fairly common, with random groups of people (such as otherwise healthy blood donors) having a rate of 1:600. Other disorders are distinctly more uncommon, with incidences between 1:100,000 and 1:2,000,000 being reported.[1] HistoryPrimary immunodeficiencies were initially classified in 1970 by a committee of the World Health Organization. At the time, they identified 16 immunodeficiencies. By 1998, the number had reached 50. As of 2018, more than 330 have been categorized.[11] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal |vauthors=Lim MS, Elenitoba-Johnson KS |title=The Molecular Pathology of Primary Immunodeficiencies |journal=The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics : JMD |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=59–83 |year=2004 |pmid=15096561 |doi= 10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60493-X|pmc=1867474}} 2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Conley ME, Notarangelo LD, Etzioni A |title=Diagnostic criteria for primary immunodeficiencies. Representing PAGID (Pan-American Group for Immunodeficiency) and ESID (European Society for Immunodeficiencies) |journal=Clin. Immunol. |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=190–7 |year=1999 |pmid=10600329 |doi=10.1006/clim.1999.4799}} 3. ^{{cite journal| author= Waleed Al-Herz| author2= Aziz Bousfiha| author3= Jean-Laurent Casanova| title=Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update on the classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee for Primary Immunodeficiency|journal= Frontiers in Immunology | volume= 5| issue=162| pages=1–33| year=2014| doi= 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00162 | pmid= 24795713| pmc= 4001072| url= http://primaryimmune.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/IUIS-Classification-April-2014.pdf|display-authors=etal}} 4. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Notarangelo L, Casanova JL, Conley ME, etal |title=Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update from the International Union of Immunological Societies Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Classification Committee Meeting in Budapest, 2005 |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=883–96 |year=2006 |pmid=16680902 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1347|url=http://www.jacionline.org/article/PIIS009167490600039X/fulltext}} 5. ^{{cite web |title=Primary Immunodeficiency Disease |url=https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/primary-immunodeficiency-disease |accessdate=30 July 2018}} 6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Megan A. |last2=Pommering |first2=Thomas |last3=Koranyi |first3=Katalin |title=Primary Immunodeficiencies |issue=10 |pages=2001–2008 |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/1115/p2001.html |journal=American Family Physician |volume=68 |language=en |date=15 November 2003}} 7. ^{{cite journal |last1=McCusker |first1=Christine |last2=Warrington |first2=Richard |title=Primary immunodeficiency |journal=Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology : Official Journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=7 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S11 |doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S11 |pmid=22165913 |pmc=3245434 |date=10 November 2011}} 8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Porta F, Forino C, De Martiis D, etal |title=Stem cell transplantation for primary immunodeficiencies |journal=Bone Marrow Transplant. |volume=41 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S83–6 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18545252 |doi=10.1038/bmt.2008.61 |url=}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Naik|first1=S|last2=Nicholas|first2=S|last3=Martinez|first3=C|last4=Leen|first4=A|last5=Hanley|first5=P|last6=Gottschalk|first6=S|last7=Rooney|first7=C|last8=Hanson|first8=I|last9=Krance|first9=R|last10=Shpall|first10=E|last11=Cruz|first11=C|last12=Amrolia|first12=P|last13=Lucchini|first13=G|last14=Bunin|first14=N|last15=Heimall|first15=J|last16=Klein|first16=O|last17=Gennery|first17=A|last18=Slatter|first18=M|last19=Vickers|first19=M|last20=Orange|first20=J|last21=Heslop|first21=H|last22=Bollard|first22=C|last23=Keller|first23=M|title=Adoptive immunotherapy for primary immunodeficiency disorders with virus-specific T lymphocytes|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=137|issue=5|pages=1498–1505.e1|date=24 February 2016|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1311|pmid=26920464|pmc=4860050|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674916001123|accessdate=12 April 2016}} 10. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Boyle JM, Buckley RH |title=Population prevalence of diagnosed primary immunodeficiency diseases in the United States |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=497–502 |year=2007 |pmid=17577648 |doi=10.1007/s10875-007-9103-1 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/b5r702t2820mk6l8/fulltext.html}} 11. ^{{cite journal |last1=Picard |first1=Capucine |last2=Bobby Gaspar |first2=H. |last3=Al-Herz |first3=Waleed |last4=Bousfiha |first4=Aziz |title=International Union of Immunological Societies: 2017 Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Committee Report on Inborn Errors of Immunity |journal=Journal of Clinical Immunology |date=2018 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=96–128 |doi=10.1007/s10875-017-0464-9 |pmid=29226302 |pmc=5742601 |issn=0271-9142}} External links
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